TSMC

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSMC or Taiwan Semiconductor)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is a Taiwanese multinational semiconductor contract manufacturing and design company. It is one of the world's most valuable semiconductor companies,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the world's largest dedicated independent ("pure-play") semiconductor foundry,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Taiwan's largest company,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with headquarters and main operations located in the Hsinchu Science Park in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Although the government of Taiwan is the largest individual shareholder,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the majority of TSMC is owned by foreign investors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2023, the company was ranked 44th in the Forbes Global 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Taiwan's exports of integrated circuits amounted to $184 billion in 2022, nearly 25 percent of Taiwan's GDP. TSMC constitutes about 30 percent of the Taiwan Stock Exchange's main index.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) was established in 1987 as a joint venture between Taiwan’s government, the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), and private investors. It was created under the leadership of Morris Chang to commercialize semiconductor research originally developed at ITRI, becoming the world’s first dedicated semiconductor foundry.<ref name="profile">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When Chang retired in 2018, after 31 years of TSMC leadership, Mark Liu became chairman and C. C. Wei became Chief Executive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has been listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange since 1993; in 1997 it became the first Taiwanese company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Since 1994, TSMC has had a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.4 percent in revenue and a CAGR of 16.1 percent in earnings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Most fabless semiconductor companies such as AMD, Apple, ARM, Broadcom, Marvell, MediaTek, Qualcomm, and Nvidia are customers of TSMC, as are emerging companies such as Allwinner Technology, HiSilicon, Spectra7, and UNISOC.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Programmable logic device companies Xilinx and previously Altera also make or made use of TSMC's foundry services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some integrated device manufacturers that have their own fabrication facilities, such as Intel, NXP, STMicroelectronics, and Texas Instruments, outsource some of their production to TSMC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

TSMC has a global capacity of about thirteen million 300 mm-equivalent wafers per year as of 2020 and produces chips for customers with process nodes from 2 microns to 3 nanometres. TSMC was the first foundry to market 7-nanometre and 5-nanometre (used by the 2020 Apple A14 and M1 SoCs, the MediaTek Dimensity 8100, and AMD Ryzen 7000 series processors) production capabilities, and the first to commercialize ASML's extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography technology in high volume.

History

In 1986, Li Kwoh-ting, representing the Executive Yuan, invited Morris Chang to serve as the president of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and offered him a blank check to build Taiwan's chip industry. At that time, the Taiwanese government wanted to develop its semiconductor industry, but its high investment and high risk nature made it difficult to find investors. Texas Instruments and Intel turned down Chang. Only Philips was willing to sign a joint venture contract with Taiwan to put up $58 million, transfer its production technology, and license intellectual property in exchange for a 27.5 percent stake in TSMC. Alongside generous tax benefits, the Taiwanese government, through the National Development Fund, Executive Yuan, provided another 48 percent of the startup capital for TSMC, and the rest of the capital was raised from several of the island's wealthiest families, who owned firms that specialized in plastics, textiles, and chemicals. These wealthy Taiwanese were directly "asked" by the government to invest. From day one, TSMC was not really a private business: it was a project of the Taiwanese state.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its first CEO was James E. Dykes, who left after a year and Morris Chang became the CEO.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Although Philips initially held a 27.5% stake in TSMC, its influence extended beyond financial investment. In addition to capital, Philips played a crucial role by transferring semiconductor manufacturing technology, intellectual property, and patents to TSMC, enabling the company to scale more rapidly. Philips also provided TSMC's first CEO, James E. Dykes, who had previously worked at Philips North America. This partnership represented an early example of the “fab-light” strategy, as Philips gradually reduced its in-house semiconductor manufacturing and relied more on external foundries like TSMC. Over the following decades, Philips steadily divested its stake in TSMC and shifted its primary focus to healthcare technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since then, the company has continued to grow, albeit subject to the cycles of demand. In 2011, the company planned to increase research and development expenditures by almost 39 percent to NT$50 billion to fend off growing competition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company also planned to expand capacity by 30 percent in 2011 to meet strong market demand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2014, TSMC's board of directors approved capital appropriations of US$568 million to increase and improve manufacturing capabilities after the company forecast higher than expected demand.<ref name="Q2 2014 forecast">Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2014, TSMC's board of directors approved additional capital appropriations of US$3.05 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2011, it was reported that TSMC had begun trial production of the A5 SoC and A6 SoCs for Apple's iPad and iPhone devices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to reports,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in May 2014 Apple sourced its A8 and A8X SoCs from TSMC.<ref name="TechNews Apple A8 article">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CNET 64-bit processor article">Template:Cite web</ref> Apple then sourced the A9 SoC with both TSMC and Samsung (to increase volume for iPhone 6S launch) and the A9X exclusively with TSMC, thus resolving the issue of sourcing a chip in two different microarchitecture sizes. As of 2014, Apple was TSMC's most important customer.<ref name="CNET 64-bit processor article" /><ref name="Taipei Times Apple article">Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2014, ARM and TSMC announced a new multi-year agreement for the development of ARM based 10 nm FinFET processors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Over the objection of the Tsai Ing-wen administration, in March 2017, TSMC invested US$3 billion in Nanjing to develop a manufacturing subsidiary there.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In 2020, TSMC became the first semiconductor company in the world to sign up for the RE100 initiative, pledging to use 100 percent renewable energy by 2050.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> TSMC accounts for roughly 5 percent of the energy consumption in Taiwan, even exceeding that of the capital city Taipei. This initiative was thus expected to accelerate the transformation to renewable energy in the country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For 2020, TSMC had a net income of US$17.60 billion on a consolidated revenue of US$45.51 billion, an increase of 57.5 percent and 31.4 percent respectively from the 2019 level of US$11.18 billion net income and US$34.63 billion consolidated revenue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its market capitalization was over $550 billion in April 2021. TSMC's revenue in the first quarter of 2020 reached US$10 billion,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while its market capitalization was US$254 billion.<ref name="TSM-YahooFinance">Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC's market capitalization reached a value of NT$1.9 trillion (US$63.4 billion) in December 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was ranked 70th in the FT Global 500 2013 list of the world's most highly valued companies with a capitalization of US$86.7 billion,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while reaching US$110 billion in May 2014.<ref name="TSM-YahooFinance" /> In March 2017, TSMC's market capitalization surpassed that of semiconductor giant Intel for the first time, hitting NT$5.14 trillion (US$168.4 billion), with Intel's at US$165.7 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 27 June 2020, TSMC briefly became the world's 10th most valuable company, with a market capitalization of US$410 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

To mitigate business risks in the event of war between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China, since the beginning of the 2020s, TSMC has expanded its geographic operations, opening new fabs in Japan and the United States, with further plans for expansion into Germany.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2020, TSMC confirmed it would halt the shipment of silicon wafers to Chinese telecommunications equipment manufacturer Huawei and its subsidiary HiSilicon by 14 September.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In November 2020, officials in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States approved TSMC's plan to build a $12 billion chip plant in the city. The decision to locate a plant in the US came after the Trump administration warned about the issues concerning the world's electronics made outside of the U.S.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2021, news reports claimed that the facility might be tripled to roughly a $35 billion investment with six factories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See Template:Slink for more details.

In June 2021, following nearly a year of public controversy surrounding its COVID-19 vaccine shortage,<ref name=Reuters/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=FinTimes/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with only about 10 percent of its 23.5 million population vaccinated;<ref name=Reuters/> Taiwan agreed to allow TSMC and Foxconn to jointly negotiate purchasing COVID-19 vaccines on its behalf.<ref name=FinTimes>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Reuters>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2021, BioNTech's Chinese sales agent Fosun Pharma announced that the two technology manufacturers had reached an agreement to purchase 10 million BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines from Germany.<ref name=FinTimes/><ref name=Reuters/> TSMC and Foxconn pledged to each buy five million doses for up to $175 million,<ref name=FinTimes/> for donation to Taiwan's vaccination program.<ref name=Reuters/>

Due to the 2020–2023 global semiconductor shortage, Taiwanese competitor United Microelectronics raised prices approximately 7–9 percent, and prices for TSMC's more mature processors were raised by about 20 percent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2021, TSMC and Sony announced that TSMC would be establishing a new subsidiary named Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing (JASM) in Kumamoto, Japan. The subsidiary manufactures 22- and 28-nanometer processes. The initial investment was approximately $7 billion, with Sony investing approximately $500 million for a less than 20 percent stake. Construction of the fabrication plant started in 2022, with production beginning two years later in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 2022, TSMC, Sony Semiconductor Solutions, and Denso announced that Denso would take a more than 10 percent equity stake in JASM with a US$0.35 billion investment, amid a scarcity of chips for automobiles.<ref name="TaipeiTimes20220216">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="PressRelease20220215">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="USNews20220215">Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC will also enhance JASM's capabilities with 12/16 nanometer FinFET process technology in addition to the previously announced 22/28 nanometer process and increase monthly production capacity from 45,000 to 55,000 12-inch wafers.<ref name="TaipeiTimes20220216" /><ref name="PressRelease20220215" /><ref name="USNews20220215" /> The total capital expenditure for JASM's Kumamoto fab is estimated to be approximately US$8.6 billion.<ref name="TaipeiTimes20220216" /><ref name="PressRelease20220215" /><ref name="USNews20220215" /> The Japanese government wants JASM to supply essential chips to Japan's electronic device makers and auto companies as trade friction between the United States and China threatens to disrupt supply chains.<ref name="TaipeiTimes20220216" /><ref name="PressRelease20220215" /><ref name="USNews20220215" /> The fab is expected to directly create about 1,700 high-tech professional jobs.<ref name="TaipeiTimes20220216" /><ref name="PressRelease20220215" />

In July 2022, TSMC announced the company had posted a record profit in the second quarter, with net income up 76.4 percent year-over-year. The company saw steady growth in the automotive and data center sectors with some weakness in the consumer market. Some of the capital expenditures are projected to be pushed up to 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the third quarter of 2022, Berkshire Hathaway disclosed purchase of 60 million shares in TSMC, acquiring a $4.1 billion stake, making it one of its largest holdings in a technology company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, Berkshire sold off 86.2 percent of its stake by the next quarter citing geopolitical tensions as a factor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2024, TSMC shares hit a record high, with the high on the trading day reaching NT$709 and closing at NT$697 (+8%). This was influenced by the increase in the price target on chip designer Nvidia. TSMC currently manufactures 3-nanometer chips and plans to start 2-nanometer mass production in 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is included in the FTSE4Good Index, being the only Asian company in the top ten.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 2024, TSMC informed the United States Department of Commerce about a potential breach of export controls in which one of its most advanced chips was sent to Huawei via another company with ties to the Chinese government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2025, TSMC announced the establishment of the TSMC-UTokyo Lab (TSMC-University of Tokyo Laboratory), marking its first joint research laboratory with an overseas university.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In August 2025, TSMC reported that two current employees and six former employees had illegally acquired trade secrets related to the company's leading 2nm process.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One of them went on to work for Tokyo Electron, a partner of Japan's semiconductor effort Rapidus, but has since been terminated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A number of suspects have been arrested by Taiwanese authorities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Patent dispute with GlobalFoundries

On 26 August 2019, GlobalFoundries filed several patent infringement lawsuits against TSMC in the US and Germany claiming that TSMC's 7 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 16 nm, and 28 nm nodes infringed 16 of their patents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> GlobalFoundries named twenty defendants.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC said that they were confident that the allegations were baseless.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 1 October 2019, TSMC filed patent infringement lawsuits against GlobalFoundries in the US, Germany and Singapore, claiming that GlobalFoundries' 12 nm, 14 nm, 22 nm, 28 nm and 40 nm nodes infringed 25 of their patents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 29 October 2019, TSMC and GlobalFoundries announced a resolution to the dispute, agreeing to a life-of-patents cross-license for all of their existing semiconductor patents and new patents for the next 10 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corporate affairs

Senior leadership

• Chief Executive: C. C. Wei (since June 2018)<ref name="Bloomberg20240604" />
• Chairman: C. C. Wei (since June 2024)<ref name="Bloomberg20240604">Template:Cite web</ref>

List of former chairmen

1. Morris Chang (1987–2018)
2. Mark Liu (2018–2024)<ref name="Bloomberg20240604" />

List of former chief executives

1. Morris Chang (1987–2005)
2. Rick Tsai (2005–2009)
3. Morris Chang (2009–2013); second term
4. C. C. Wei and Mark Liu (2013–2018); co-CEO's<ref name="Bloomberg20240604" />

Business trends

Sales by region (2024)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Business	share
United States	68.8%
China	11.5%
Taiwan	9.3%
Japan	5.0%
EMEA	3.6%
Other	1.8%

The key trends for TSMC are (as of the financial year ending December 31):<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

	Revenue (NT$ tr)	Net profit (NT$ bn)	Employees (k)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2014	0.76	263	43.5
2015	0.84	306	45.2
2016	0.94	334	46.9
2017	0.97	343	48.6
2018	1.0	351	48.7
2019	1.0	345	51.2
2020	1.3	517	56.8
2021	1.5	596	65.1
2022	2.2	1,016	73.0
2023	2.1	838	76.4

TSMC and the rest of the foundry industry are exposed to the cyclical industrial dynamics of the semiconductor industry. TSMC must ensure its production capacity to meet strong customer demand during upturns; however, during downturns, it must contend with excess capacity because of weak demand and the high fixed costs associated with its manufacturing facilities.<ref name="Morningstar mobile chips article">Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, the company's financial results tend to fluctuate with a cycle time of a few years. This is more apparent in earnings than revenues because of the general trend of revenue and capacity growth. TSMC's business has generally also been seasonal, with a peak in Q3 and a low in Q1.

In 2014, TSMC was at the forefront of the foundry industry for high-performance, low-power applications,<ref name="EE Times Q1 2014 results article">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SimmTester 28nm article">Template:Cite news</ref> leading major smartphone chip companies, such as Qualcomm,<ref name=prn4>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="TSMC banking on 28nm">Template:Cite news</ref> Mediatek,<ref name="TSMC banking on 28nm" /><ref name="DigiTimes MediaTek GlobalFoundries">Template:Cite news</ref> and Apple,<ref name="TechNews Apple A8 article" /><ref name="Taipei Times Apple article" /> to place an increasing amount of orders.<ref name="EE Times Q1 2014 results article" /> While the competitors in the foundry industry (primarily GlobalFoundries and United Microelectronics Corporation) have encountered difficulties ramping leading-edge 28 nm capacity,<ref name="DigiTimes MediaTek GlobalFoundries" /> the leading Integrated Device Manufacturers such as Samsung and Intel that seek to offer foundry capacity to third parties were also unable to match the requirements for advanced mobile applications.<ref name="SimmTester 28nm article" />

For most of 2014, TSMC saw a continuing increase in revenues due to increased demand, primarily due to chips for smartphone applications. TSMC raised its financial guidance in March 2014 and posted 'unseasonably strong' first-quarter results.<ref name="Q2 2014 forecast" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For Q2 2014, revenues came in at NT$183 billion, with 28 nm technology business growing more than 30 percent from the previous quarter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lead times for chip orders at TSMC increased due to a tight capacity situation, putting fabless chip companies at risk of not meeting their sales expectations or shipment schedules,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in August 2014 it was reported that TSMC's production capacity for the fourth quarter of 2014 was already almost fully booked, a scenario that had not occurred for many years, which was described as being due to a ripple-effect due to TSMC landing CPU orders from Apple.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

However, monthly sales for 2014 peaked in October, decreasing by 10 percent in November due to cautious inventory adjustment actions taken by some of its customers.<ref name="Taipei Times 2014-12-11">Template:Cite news</ref> TSMC's revenue for 2014 saw growth of 28 percent over the previous year, while TSMC forecasted that revenue for 2015 would grow by 15 to 20 percent from 2014, thanks to strong demand for its 20 nm process, new 16 nm FinFET process technology as well as continuing demand for 28 nm, and demand for less advanced chip fabrication in its 200mm fabs.<ref name="Taipei Times 2014-12-11" />

In 2019, TSMC was ranked fourth in the MEMS field, behind leader Silex Microsystems.<ref name="ft1">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2021, TSMC was ranked third in the MEMS field.<ref name="een2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Ownership

Around 56 percent of TSMC shares are held by the general public and around 38 percent are held by institutions. The largest shareholders in early 2024 were:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• National Development Fund, Executive Yuan (6.38%)
• BlackRock (5.09%)
• Capital Research and Management Company (3.61%)
• Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (3.32%)
• Norges Bank (1.59%)
• Fidelity Investments (1.37%)
• New Labor Pension Scheme (1.28%)
• The Vanguard Group (1.26%)
• Yuanta Securities Investment (1.02%)
• JPMorgan Chase (0.83%)
• Fidelity International (0.8%)
• Baillie Gifford (0.76%)
• Fubon Life Insurance (0.75%)
• Invesco (0.63%)

Technologies

File:NVIDIA-GTX-1070-FoundersEdition-FL.jpg

The Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070, which uses the GP104 die manufactured by TSMC on its 16 nm node

TSMC's N7+ is the first commercially available extreme-ultraviolet lithographic process in the semiconductor industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It uses ultraviolet patterning and enables more acute circuits to be implemented on the silicon. N7+ offers a 15–20 percent higher transistor density and 10 percent reduction in power consumption than previous technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The N7 achieved the fastest ever volume time to market, faster than 10 nm and 16 nm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The N5 iteration doubles transistor density and improves performance by an additional 15 percent.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Production capabilities

On 300 mm wafers, TSMC has silicon lithography on node sizes:

• 0.13 μm (130 nm, options: general-purpose (G), low-power (LP), high-performance low-voltage (LV))
• 90 nm (based upon 80GC from Q4/2006)
• 65 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP), ultra-low power (ULP, LPG))
• 55 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP))
• 40 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP), ultra-low power (ULP))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 28 nm (options: high-performance (HP), high-performance mobile (HPM), high-performance computing (HPC), high-performance low-power (HPL), low-power (LP), high-performance computing Plus (HPC+), ultra-low power (ULP) with HKMG)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 22 nm (options: ultra-low power (ULP), ultra-low leakage (ULL))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 20 nm<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 16 nm (options: FinFET (FF), FinFET Plus (FF+), FinFET Compact (FFC))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 12 nm (options: FinFET Compact (FFC), FinFET Nvidia (FFN)), enhanced version of 16 nm process<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 10 nm (options: FinFET (FF))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 7 nm (options: FinFET (FF), FinFET Plus (FF+), FinFET Pro (FFP), high-performance computing (HPC))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 6 nm (options: FinFET (FF), risk production started in Q1 2020, enhanced version of 7 nm process)<ref name="PressRelease20190416" />
• 5 nm (options: FinFET (FF))
• 4 nm (options: FinFET (FF), risk production started in 2021, enhanced version of 5 nm process)
• 3 nm (options: FinFET (FF), volume production started in Q4 2022)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

It also offers "design for manufacturing" (DFM) customer services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In press publications, these processes will often be referenced, for example, for the mobile variant, simply by 7nmFinFET or even more briefly by 7FF. At the beginning of 2019, TSMC was advertising N7+, N7, and N6 as its leading edge technologies.<ref name="PressRelease20190416">Template:Cite web</ref> As of June 2020, TSMC is the manufacturer selected for production of Apple's 5 nanometer ARM processors, as "the company plans to eventually transition the entire Mac lineup to its Arm-based processors, including the priciest desktop computers".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2021, both Apple and Intel were reported to be testing their proprietary chip designs with TSMC's 3 nm production.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Facilities

TSMC Facilities

Name	Location	Category	Remarks
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	150 mm wafer
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer
Template:Nowrap	Shanhua District (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer	phases 1 & 2 operational
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer
Template:Nowrap	Songjiang, Shanghai (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer	TSMC China Company Limited
Template:Nowrap	Camas, Washington (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer	TSMC Washington (formerly known as WaferTech)
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phases 1, 2, 4–7 operational, phase 8 under construction, and phase 9 planned TSMC head office
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	TSMC R&D Center, phase 3 operational
Template:Nowrap	Shanhua District (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phases 1–7 operational, phase 8 under construction
Template:Nowrap	Taichung (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phases 1–7 operational
Template:Nowrap	Nanjing, Jiangsu (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	TSMC Nanjing Company Limited
Template:Nowrap	Anding District, Tainan (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phases 1–8 operational
Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	planned in 4 phases
Template:Nowrap	Phoenix, Arizona (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phase 1 under construction, opening projected for the end of 2024; phase 2 under construction, opening projected for the end of 2026
Template:Nowrap	Kaohsiung (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	phases 1 operational, phase 2 under construction and phase 3-5 planned
JASM (Template:Nowrap)	Kikuyo, Kumamoto, Japan (Template:Coord)	300 mm wafer	Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing, Inc. joint venture founded by TSMC (70%), Sony Semiconductors Solutions (20%), and Denso (10%) phase 1 operational, phase 2 under construction
SSMC	Singapore (Template:Coord)	200 mm wafer	Systems on Silicon Manufacturing Cooperation, 1998 founded as joint venture by TSMC, Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors), and EDB Investments, Singapore. In November 2006 EDB left the joint venture and TSMC raised their stake in SSMC to 38.8%, NXP to 61.2%.
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Hsinchu (Template:Coord)	Backend
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Shanhua District (Template:Coord)	Backend	AP2B and AP2C operational
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Longtan District, Taoyuan (Template:Coord)	Backend
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Taichung (Template:Coord)	Backend
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Zhunan (Template:Coord)	Backend	planned in 3 phases, AP6A operational, phases B & C under construction
Advanced Backend Template:Nowrap	Taibo City, Chiayi County (Template:Coord)	Backend	planned in 2 phases

Central Taiwan Science Park

The investment of US$9.4 billion to build its third 300mm wafer fabrication facility in Central Taiwan Science Park (Fab 15) was originally announced in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The facility was expected to manufacture over 100,000 wafers a month and generate US$5 billion per year of revenue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC has continued to expand advanced 28 nm manufacturing capacity at Fab 15.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 12 January 2011, TSMC announced the acquisition of land from Powerchip Semiconductor for NT$2.9 billion (US$96 million) to build two additional 300mm fabs (Fab 12B) to cope with increasing global demand.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Germany

File:ESMC logo.svg

Logo of European joint-venture with Bosch, Infineon and NXP in Germany.

In August 2023, TSMC committed €3.5 billion to a €10+ billion factory in Dresden, Germany. The plant is subsidised with €5 billion from the German government. Three European companies (Robert Bosch GmbH, Infineon Technologies, and NXP Semiconductors) invested in the plant in return for a 10 percent share each. The resulting joint venture with TSMC is named European Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (ESMC).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The factory is planned to be fully operational in 2029 with a monthly capacity of 40,000 12-inch wafers.<ref>Template:Cite web Alt URL</ref>

Japan

File:JASM Kumamoto 2024 03.jpg

Fab 23 in March 2024

In November 2021, TSMC and Sony announced that TSMC would be establishing a new subsidiary named Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing (JASM) in Kumamoto, Japan. Denso and Toyota have also invested in the company and are minor shareholders.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The first factory (Fab 23) in Kikuyo, Kumamoto, began commercial operations in December 2024 and produces 12-, 22-, and 28-nanometer processes. Fab 23 cost US$8.6 billion to build, with 476 billion yen subsidised by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).<ref name="xTECH20240304">Template:Cite web</ref>

The second factory, currently under construction adjacent to Fab 23 as of January 2025, will produce 6-nanometer and 12-nanometer processes. This factory is estimated to cost US$13.9 billion, with 732 billion yen funded by the METI.<ref name="xTECH20240304" />

United States

Arizona

File:231105-1 TSMC Fab 21 construction.jpg

Fab 21 under construction in Phoenix, Arizona in November 2023

In 2020, TSMC announced a planned fab in Phoenix, Arizona with a $12 billion investment which intended to begin production by 2024.<ref name="WSJ20200515">Template:Cite news</ref> At launch it was the most advanced fab in the United States.<ref name="anandtech.com">Template:Cite news</ref> TSMC claimed the plant will create 1,900 full-time jobs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2022, TSMC announced its plans to triple its investment in the Arizona plants in response to the growing tensions between the US and China and the supply chain disruption that has led to chip shortages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In that same month, TSMC stated that they were running into major cost issues, because the cost of construction of buildings and facilities in the US is four to five times what an identical plant would cost in Taiwan, as well as difficulty finding qualified personnel. These additional production costs will increase the cost of TSMC's chips made in the US to at least 50 percent more than the cost of chips made in Taiwan.<ref name="WSJ_2022-12-05">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Noah_SS">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> In July 2023 TSMC warned that US talent was insufficient, so Taiwanese workers will need to be brought in for a limited time, and that the chip factory will not be operational until 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In September 2023, an analyst said the chips will still need to be sent back to Taiwan for packaging.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In January 2024, TSMC chairman Liu again warned that Arizona lacked workers with the specialized skills to hire and that TSMC's second Arizona plant likely will not start volume production of advanced chips until 2027 or 2028.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2025, Wei indicated that TSMC would speed up its production timelines toward the completion of a "gigafab" cluster totaling six facilities after an additional $100 billion investment in Arizona.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Washington

TSMC Washington is a subsidiary of TSMC based in Camas, Washington, Template:Convert outside Portland, Oregon. The Template:Convert campus contains a Template:Convert complex consisting of a Template:Convert 200mm wafer fabrication plant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC Washington (originally known as WaferTech) was established in June 1996 as a joint venture between TSMC, Altera, Analog Devices, and ISSI. The companies along with minor individual investors placed US$1.2 billion into this venture, which was at the time the single largest startup investment in the state of Washington. The facility started production in July 1998 with its first product being a 0.35 micrometer part for Altera.Template:Citation needed TSMC bought out the stake of the other partners in 2000, turning the company into a fully owned subsidiary of TSMC.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 2024, the facility employs 1100 workers and supports node sizes of 0.35, 0.30, 0.25, 0.22, 0.18, and 0.16 micrometers, with an emphasis on embedded flash process technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sustainability

TSMC's operations consume a large amount of power and water and thus have significance environmental impact.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> TSMC pledged to have net-zero emissions by 2050 and to power all global operations with 100% renewable energy within that same timeframe. The company has also invested in water conservation technologies, including high-efficiency wastewater recycling systems capable of reclaiming over 85% of water used in fabrication processes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2024 TSMC reportedly consumed over 150,000 tons of water per day in Hsinchu City, approximately 10% of the city's water supply.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2020, TSMC signed a 20-year deal with Ørsted to buy the entire production of two offshore wind farms under development off Taiwan's west coast. At the time of its signing, it was the world's largest corporate green energy order ever made.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• List of companies of Taiwan
• List of semiconductor fabrication plants
• Moore's law
• Quantum tunnelling
• Semiconductor device fabrication
• Semiconductor industry in Taiwan
• Very Large Scale Integration

External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:Finance links