Tadao Kikumoto

Template:Short description Template:Nihongo is Roland's senior managing director and head of its R&D center.<ref name="believe">Template:Cite book</ref> He designed the TB-303 bass synthesizer and the TR-909 drum machine.<ref name="emusician">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was also the chief engineer of the Roland TR-808 drum machine.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Roland TR-808

Design

The Roland TR-808, a programmable drum machine, was launched in 1980. The TR-808 included unique artificial percussion sounds, such as “the hum kick, the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed) and the spacey cowbell.”<ref name="cbc_808">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The machine is particularly noted for its powerful booming bass drum sound, built from a combination of a bridged T-network sine oscillator, a low-pass filter, and a voltage-controlled amplifier.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The bass drum decay control allows the user to lengthen the sound, creating uniquely low frequencies that flatten slightly over long periods,<ref name=":6"/> which can be used to create basslines<ref name=":10">Template:Cite news</ref> or bass drops.<ref name="spin">Spin, February 1990, page 24</ref> It was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks and rolls.<ref name="keyboard">Contemporary Keyboard, Volume 7, Issues 1-6, 1981: "The Roland TR-808 will undoubtedly become the standard for rhythm machines of the future because it does what no rhythm machine of the past has ever done. Not only does the TR-808 allow programming of individual rhythm patterns, it can also program the entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with breaks, rolls, literally anything you can think of."</ref> The machine includes volume knobs for each voice, multiple audio outputs, and a DIN sync port (a precursor to MIDI) to synchronize with other devices via the Digital Control Bus (DCB) interface, considered groundbreaking at the time.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite book</ref> The machine has three trigger outputs, used to synchronize/control synthesizers and other equipment.<ref>db: The Sound Engineering Magazine, July 1972, page 32</ref><ref name=":15" />

Impact

The TR-808 would become a fixture of the burgeoning underground dance, electro, house, techno, R&B and hip-hop genres, mainly because of their relatively low cost and the unique character of their analogue-generated sounds. It was first utilized by Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra in the year of its release, after which it would gain worldwide popularity with Marvin Gaye's "Sexual Healing" and Afrikaa Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" in 1982.<ref name="cbc_808"/>

The track informed the development of pop-oriented electronic music and of hip hop music,<ref name=":13">Template:Cite news</ref> and genres including electro,<ref>Russell Hartenberger (2016), The Cambridge Companion to Percussion, page 87, Cambridge University Press</ref> Miami bass, and Detroit techno.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> The 808 was instrumental to the origins of house and techno, and remains a staple of electronic dance music.<ref>Six Machines That Changed The Music World, Wired, May 2002</ref>

Producer Rick Rubin and hip hop group Original Concept popularized the technique of lengthening the bass drum decay and tuning it to different pitches to create basslines.<ref name=":10"/> The technique was adopted by Miami bass producers,<ref name=":10"/> who also used the 808 to produce a bass drop,<ref name="spin"/> which has since been incorporated into a number of hip hop and dance genres, either produced by an 808 or using a sample of an 808 bass drop.<ref name="808film">808 (documentary film)</ref> The Bomb Squad popularized the use of samplers to manipulate the 808 bass, which became common in hip hop music.<ref name="808film"/> Dynamix II popularized this technique in dance music, which has since used the 808 sub-bass extensively, in genres such as trap, deep house and drum and bass.<ref>The top 10 dance music production clichés, MusicRadar, September 2, 2013</ref> 808 samples were the basis for jungle and drum and bass, which developed from British producers using samplers to manipulate 808 sounds.<ref name="808film"/>

The analogue-based Roland machines have endured over time. The beats of the TR-808 have since been widely featured in popular music, and can be heard on countless recordings up to the present day.<ref name="cbc_808"/> Because of its bass and long decay, the kick drum from the TR-808 has also featured as a bass line in various genres such as hip hop and drum and bass. Since the mid-1980s, the TR-808 and TR-909 have been used on more hit records than any other drum machines,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> attaining an iconic status within the music industry.<ref name="cbc_808"/>

Roland TR-909

While the TR-808 was fully analogue synthesis-based, the Roland TR-909 combined analogue synthesis with digital sampling.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The TR-909 was also notable for being the first MIDI-equipped drum machine.<ref name="russ">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Butler, Mark Jonathan. "Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music". Indiana University Press, 2006. Template:ISBN. p. 64</ref> In turn, the TR-909 was succeeded in 1984 by the Roland TR-707, which was entirely based on digital sampling.<ref name="fact2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The TR-909 eventually came to be held in reverence by music producers, hip hop music DJs and beatmakers, and techno and other electronic dance music-style DJs. Much like the TR-808's importance to hip hop, the TR-909 holds a similar important for dance music, such as techno and house music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Roland TB-303

Tadao Kikumoto's invention of the TB-303 in 1981 has been listed by The Guardian in 2011 as one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music, for its key role in the foundation of acid house. The article described it as one of the "first boxes to define the sound of electronic dance music."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

References

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