Takatāpui

Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:LGBTQ sidebar Template:Lang (also spelled Template:Lang; Template:IPA) is a Māori term that is used in a similar way to LGBT. When speaking Māori, LGBT people of any culture are referred to as Template:Lang. In English, a Template:Lang person is a Māori individual who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, and/or transgender.<ref name="Hutchings, 7-13">Hutchings, 7–13.</ref><ref name="Murray" />

Traditionally, Template:Lang referred to a devoted partner of the same sex.<ref>Hutchings, 145.</ref><ref name="Sears, 592-3">Sears, 592-3.</ref><ref>Tregear, 452.</ref> In contemporary use, Template:Lang is used in response to the Western construction of "sexuality, gender, and corresponding identity expressions" (gender identity and sexual identity).<ref name="Hutchings, 7-13" /><ref name="Murray" /> Māori gender identifiers (Template:Lang, Template:Lang) and gender rolesTemplate:EmdashTemplate:Lang protocols, participation in warfare, delineated male and female modes of dress and placement of Template:LangTemplate:Emdashexisted prior to and outside of Western influence. The term Template:Lang encompasses not only aspects of sexuality but also cultural identity.<ref name="Murray" /><ref name="Hutchings, 15-6">Hutchings, 15–16.</ref> Template:Lang incorporates both a sense of indigenous identity and communicates sexual orientation; it has become an umbrella term to build solidarity among sexuality and gender minorities within Māori communities.<ref>Leap, page 174-180.</ref>

Template:Lang is not a new term, but the application of it is recent.<ref name="Murray"/> The Dictionary of the Māori Language—first compiled by missionary Herbert Williams in 1832—notes the definition as "intimate companion of the same sex".<ref name="Hutchings, 15">Hutchings, 15.</ref> After a long period of disuse there has been a resurgence since the 1980s for a label to describe an individual who is both Māori and non-heterosexual.<ref name="Murray"/><ref name="Hutchings, 15"/> The word Template:Lang was found to have existed in pre-colonial New Zealand to describe relationships between people of the same sex.<ref name="Murray"/> The existence of this word refutes the conservative Māori argument that homosexuality did not exist in Māori society prior to the arrival of Europeans.<ref name="Murray"/><ref name="Hutchings, 15-6"/>

Hinemoa and Tūtānekai

The classic and earliest full account of the origins of gods and the first human beings is contained in a manuscript entitled Nga Tama a Rangi (The Sons of Heaven), written in 1849 by Te Rangikāheke, of the Ngāti Rangiwewehi tribe of Rotorua. The manuscript "gives a clear and systematic account of Māori religious beliefs and beliefs about the origin of many natural phenomena, the creation of woman, the origin of death, and the fishing up of lands. No other version of this myth is presented in such a connected and systematic way, but all early accounts, from whatever area or tribe, confirm the general validity of the Rangikāheke version. It begins as follows: 'My friends, listen to me. The Māori people stem from only one source, namely the Great-heaven-which-stands-above, and the Earth-which-lies-below. According to Europeans, God made heaven and earth and all things. According to the Māori, Heaven (Rangi) and Earth (Papa) are themselves the source'" (Biggs 1966:448).<ref>Grey published an edited version of Te Rangikāheke's story in Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna, and translated it into English as Polynesian Mythology. Grey 1971 and Grey 1956 are later editions of these early works. Later scholars, however, have been critical of the editing methods used by Grey.</ref>

One of the great love stories of the Māori world is the legend of Hinemoa and Tūtānekai. The story remains popular and is retold in songs, films, cultural theatre and dance.<ref name="Laurie, 1-3">Laurie, 1–3.</ref> Hinemoa defies her family to claim Tūtānekai, her "heart's desire"—the love-child of a chief's wife who was not her social equal.<ref name="Laurie, 1-3"/> In reading Te Rangikāheke's original version in Māori, Ngahuia Te Awekotuku found that Tūtānekai had a male friend, Template:Lang, named Tiki, and Tūtānekai was "nowhere near as impressed by Hinemoa as the romantic Victorian narrative had construed".<ref name="Laurie, 1-3"/> After Tūtānekai became united with Hinemoa, Tiki famously grieved for the loss of his Template:Lang. Tūtānekai, feeling grieved as well, arranged that his younger sister marry Tiki to console him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While no-one can say Tūtānekai and Tiki were sexually involved, their relationship was accepted to be intimate beyond mere friendship, and the story illustrates the concept that Template:Lang in traditional Māori life was not exactly the same as constructions of contemporary homosexuality in Western societies.

Uses

One of the first contemporary uses of Template:Lang was in a report to the Public Health Commission by Herewini and Sheridan (1994), which used the term to encompass Māori gay men as well as men who have sex with men but who do not identify as gay.<ref>Hutchings, 16.</ref> The historical usage of the term might not correspond with contemporary understanding of LGBT identities, while information on non-heterosexual sexuality and variations from gender roles as we understand them today has been substantially eradicated by Victorian morality brought by colonisers and Christian missionaries.<ref>Hutchings 15–22.</ref> Although circumstantial, there remains some evidence that Template:Lang lived without discrimination in pre-European times.<ref>Ember, 819.</ref> Some contemporary Māori LGBT people use the terms gay and lesbian as a convenience, while others self-identify as Template:Lang to resist the colonisation of their identities and bodies which would "deny access to important ancestral knowledge".<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/><ref name="Murray"/><ref>Hutchings, page 19.</ref> Some use both terms depending on the context.<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/><ref name="Murray"/> Using Template:Lang to self-identify requires acceptance of oneself as Māori as well as being LGBT.<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/> About one fifth of Māori are young people, but the state education system does not explicitly provide for exploring multiple identities.<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/> The traditional spiritual and social roles that Template:Lang have played in historical Māori societies are not easily incorporated into teaching plans and despite a 2002 mandate from the Ministry of Education, there remains a "wholesale absence of culturally appropriate sexuality curriculum in schools for the Māori."<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/>

Derivatives of Template:Lang include Template:Lang for bisexual, Template:Lang for lesbian and Template:Lang or Template:Lang for trans men or trans women.<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/><ref name="Murray">David A.B. Murray, "Who Is Template:Lang? Māori Language, Sexuality and Identity in Aotearoa/New Zealand", Anthropologica, page 233-241, Canadian Anthropology Society, 2003, Vol. 45, No. 2.</ref> Template:Lang serves as an umbrella term for all these identities.<ref name="Sears, 592-3"/>

See also

• Aikāne, a similar concept in native Hawaiian culture
• LGBT in New Zealand
• List of transgender-related topics

References

• Biggs, B.G., 'Maori Myths and Traditions' in A. H. McLintock (editor), Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 3 Volumes. (Government Printer: Wellington), 1966, II:447–454.
• Ember, Carol R., Encyclopedia of medical anthropology, Springer, 2004, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN.
• Grey, G., Polynesian Mythology, Illustrated edition, reprinted 1974. (Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch), 1956.
• Grey, G., Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna, fourth edition. First published 1854. (Reed: Wellington), 1971.
• Hutchings, Jessica; Aspin, Clive, Sexuality and the Stories of Indigenous People, Huia Publishers, 2007, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN.
• Laurie, Alison J., Lesbian Studies in Aotearoa/New Zealand (ed.), Psychology Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN
• Leap, William, Tom Boellstorff, Speaking in queer tongues: globalization and gay language, University of Illinois Press, 2004, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN.
• Sears, James Thomas, Youth, education, and sexualities: an international encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN.
• Tregear, Edward, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, Lyon and Blair, 1891.

External links

• Irawhiti, transgender Māori