Tawaraya Sōtatsu
Template:Short description Template:Family name hatnote Template:Infobox artist
Template:Nihongo was a Japanese furniture designer and painter of the Rinpa school.
Sōtatsu is best known for his decorations of calligraphic works by his partner Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637),<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and his spectacular and highly influential byōbu folding screens, such as National Treasures Wind God and Thunder God<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and his painting of the Sekiya and Miotsukushi chapters from The Tale of Genji. He also popularized a technique called tarashikomi, in which a second layer of paint is applied before the first layer is dry.<ref name="auto1"/>
He is also credited with co-founding the Rinpa school of Japanese painting, together with Kōetsu.<ref name="auto2">Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 308.</ref> Rinpa was not strictly a school,<ref name="auto2"/> but a group of artist directly influenced by Sōtatsu and Kōetsu.<ref>Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 22.</ref> Some of the most notable Rinpa artists are Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716), Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828). While not particularly known at the time he lived and painted, he is now the second-most recognized Japanese painter in terms of number of inclusions in the National Treasures of Japan list.<ref name=":0" />
Biography
The exact date of Sōtatsu's birth, probably around 1570,<ref name="auto1"/> remains unknown, and so does the place of his birth.<ref name="auto8">Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 216.</ref> The painter Tani Bunchō (1763–1841) stated that Sōtatsu was originally from Noto and that he studied under Sumiyoshi Jokei in Kyoto.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His family name may have been Nonomura.<ref name="auto8"/>
In 1602 he was hired by the Taira family to repair the 12th-century sutra scrolls Heike nōkyō at the Itsukushima shrine on Miyajima.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref> This is the earliest paintings attributed to Sōtatsu, but it already features the characteristics of his later work.<ref name="auto8"/> It is suspected that Kōetsu might have also worked in the repair of the scroll.<ref name="auto3">Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) p. 210.</ref>
The first confirmed collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu (1558–1637) is in the Sagabon (Saga Books), an ambitious project started around 1606 by Suminokura Soan (1571–1632) to publish elaborate editions of classical Japanese book<ref name="auto8"/> and Noh librettos.<ref name="auto3"/> Sōtatsu created the designs for the covers and paper of many of the books, while Kōetsu was the calligrapher of some of the texts.<ref name="auto3"/> The name Sagabon comes from the suburb of Kyoto where the book were produced.<ref name="auto3"/>
Sōtatsu married a cousin of Koetsu.<ref name="auto8"/> He also opened a shop in Kyoto, named Tawaraya, where he sold a variety of decorated objects, including fans, lantern paper, screens, dolls and patterns for kimono, and also took commissions for decorating interiors. The shop soon gained recognition for its artistic excellence.<ref>Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 14.</ref><ref name="auto8"/>
The collaboration between Sōtatsu and Kōetsu came to an end around 1620, perhaps because he was moving away from the profession of decorator and designer, and started focusing more on his career as a painter.<ref name="auto3"/>
He decorated the doors and screens of the Yōgen-in temple during the reconstruction ordered by Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1621,<ref name="auto8"/> and in 1630 he was given the title of hokkyō<ref name="auto"/> ("Bridge of the Dharma"), the third highest rank awarded to Buddhist artists.
The circumstances of Sōtatsu's death are not known, but he probably died around 1640.<ref name="auto1"/> The most successful among his direct students were Tawaraya Sōsetsu and Kitawaga Sōsetsu.<ref>Carpenter, John T. (2012). Designing Nature: The Rinpa Aesthetic in Japanese Art. p. 26.</ref>
Works
Waves at Matsushima, painted in the 1620s, is considered by some to be Sōtatsu's masterwork.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Nihongo is a handscroll decorated by Sōtatsu using silver and gold pigment, with calligraphy by Hon'ami Kōetsu.<ref name="auto6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> It contains some of the finest calligraphy by Kōetsu<ref name="auto7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and one of the best examples of Sōtatsu's decorative skills.<ref name="auto6" /> The work was most likely produced between 1602 and 1620, the period during which Sōtatsu and Kōetsu are generally considered to have worked together.<ref name="auto3" />
The text of the scroll is a compilation of waka poems from the poets known collectively as Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry ("Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry"), including one poem from each one of the 36 members of the group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The visual motif is that of cranes, which stand or fly in flocks across the entire length of the scroll.<ref name="auto6"/> The skill of Sōtatsu's design and its "cutting-edge originality"<ref name="auto7"/> have been highly praised.<ref name="auto7"/><ref name="auto6"/>
- Anthology with Cranes (details)
The scroll measures 34.1 cm x 1356 cm and belongs to the Kyoto National Museum.<ref name="auto7"/> It is an Important Cultural Property.
Poem Scroll with Deer is another collaboration with Hon'ami Kōetsu. Silver and gold deer frolic alongside poems from the anthology Shin Kokinshu (新古今集). It was split into fragments after World War II. The largest contiguous section, accounting for more than one-third of the complete work, is currently at the Seattle Art Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Nihongo is a pair of two-folded screens made using ink and color on gold-foiled paper.<ref name="auto4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It depicts Raijin, the god of lightning, thunder and storms in the Shinto religion and in Japanese mythology, and Fūjin, the god of wind. The screens have no inscription or seal, but its attribution to Tawaraya Sotatsu is not questioned.<ref name="auto4"/>
It is a particularly prominent work in the Rinpa school because two other of its major figures, Ogata Kōrin (1658–1716) and Sakai Hōitsu (1761–1828), replicated the painting in homage (see Kōrin's version).<ref name="auto5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All three versions of the work were displayed together for the first time in seventy-five years in 2015, at the Kyoto National Museum exhibition "Rinpa: The Aesthetics of the Capital".<ref name="auto5"/>
- Wind God and Thunder God
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Wind God Fujin (right) and Thunder God Raijin (left)
Each screen measures Template:Convert.<ref name="auto4"/> They belong to the Zen Buddhist temple Kennin-ji in Kyoto,<ref name="auto4"/> but they are exhibited occasionally in the Kyoto National Museum. They are a National Treasure of Japan.<ref name="auto4"/>
Dragons and Clouds is a work in the Freer Gallery of Art, also known as the National Museum of Asian Art, in Washington, D.C. and was not discussed by Japanese art historians until 1971, when Yumane Yuzo placed this painting in the context of artworks in Japan, such as the Waves and Dragon screen in the Honpou-ji Temple in Kyoto.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Details about the ownership of this painting prior to its purchase by Charles Lang Freer in 1905 from the art dealer Bunshichi Kobayashi are unknown, but it's now considered one of the finest example's of Sotatsu's use of the tarashikomi wet-on-wet technique, in which ink is artfully pooled to create features such as the clouds.<ref name=":0" />
At the time Sotatsu created this screen, monochrome ink paintings of dragons were often based on 15th-century work by monk-painters such as Sesshu and Sesson, and also the earlier, Chinese painters Chen Rong (famed for his dragon paintings) and Muqi.<ref name=":0" /> By the 17th-century, dragons had emerged as a popular motif on large format works such as folding screens and sliding door panels.<ref name=":0" /> Sotatsu's Dragon and Clouds is a six-panel screen, is dated to early 1600s although its place in the chronology of his work is disputed, and has dimensions of 171.5x 374.3 cm (top), 171.5 x 374.6 cm (bottom).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ascending, larger dragon on one side soars towards the heavens in spring, whereas the side's dragon descends into the abyss in fall.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Dragons and Clouds
Exhibitions
The Freer Gallery of Art organized the first retrospective outside Japan from October 2015 to January 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notes
References
- Murashige, Yasushi. Sōtatsu. Sansaisha, Tokyo, 1970.
- Gowing, L (ed.) 1995, A Biographical Dictionary of Artists, Rev. edn, Andromeda Oxford Limited, Oxfordshire.
- Bridge of Dreams: the Mary Griggs Burke collection of Japanese art. (2000) The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries. (fully available online as PDF)
- Lippett, Yukio. Sotatsu (exhibition catalog), Washington, D.C., 2015
External links
Template:Commons category-inline
- Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tawaraya Sōtatsu