Thaification
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Thaification, or Thai-ization, is the process by which people of different cultural and ethnic origins living in Thailand become assimilated to the country's dominant culture: that of central Thailand.
Thaification was a step in the creation in the 20th century of the Thai nation state in which Central Thai people occupy a dominant position, as opposed to the historically-multicultural kingdom of Siam. A related term, "Thainess", describes the particular characteristics that distinguish the Thai from others.
Motives
Thaification is a byproduct of the nationalist policies mandated by the Thai state after the June 1933 Siamese coup d'état. The coup leaders, said to be inspired by Western ideas of an exclusive nation state, acted more in accordance with their close German nationalist and anti-democratic counterparts to effect kingdom-wide dominance by the Central Thai culture. Minority-owned businesses, like the traditionally-merchant Thai Chinese were aggressively acquired by the state, which gave preferential contracts to ethnic Central Thais and cooperative ethnic Chinese.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Thai identity was mandated via 12 Thai cultural mandates and reinforced in the heartlands and in rural areas. Central Thailand became economically and politically dominant, and Central Thai, unlike the multilingual Siam, became the state-mandated language of the media, business, education and all state agencies. Central Thai values were successfully inculcated into being perceived as the desirable national values, with increasing proportions of the population identifying as Thai. Central Thai culture, being the culture of wealth and status, made it hugely attractive to a once-diverse population that sought to be identified with nationalist unity.
Targets
The main targets of Thaification were ethnic Chinese and other ethnic groups on the edges of the kingdom, geographically and culturally: the Lao of Isan (อีสาน),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the hill tribes of western and northern Thailand, and also Thais who speak the Southern Thai language. There has also been a Thaification of the immigrant Indian and Vietnamese populations. Thaification also targeted the ethnic Malay but is somewhat less successful.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Policies
Thaification by the government can be separated into three sets of policies:
Rural development
In the first set of policies, the government targeted specific policies and actions at fringe groups. An example of this is the Accelerated Rural Development Programme of 1964, the Isan component of which included the strengthening of allegiance to Bangkok and the rest of the country as one of its objectives.
Education
The second set of policies consists of policies applied nationally, but that disproportionately affect fringe groups. One example of this is the prescribed use of Central Thai language in schools. This had little or no effect on the central Thais, or the Siamese people, who already used the language as a native but made bilinguals of speakers of Isan in the northeast, of Northern Thai (Template:Lang) in the north and of Pattani Malay (Template:Lang) in the south.
Harsher methods were imposed on the Thai Chinese.<ref name=Identities>Template:Cite book</ref> After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, a series of anticommunist Thai military juntas, starting with that of right-wing dictator Plaek Phibunsongkhram, sharply reduced Chinese immigration and prohibited Chinese schools in Thailand.<ref name=Identities /> Thai Chinese born after the 1950s had "very limited opportunities to enter Chinese schools".<ref name="Identities" /> Those Thai Chinese who could afford to study overseas studied English, instead of Mandarin Chinese for economic reasons.<ref name="Identities" /> As a result, the Chinese in Thailand have "almost totally lost the language of their ancestors" and are gradually losing their Chinese identity.<ref name="Identities" />
Encouraging Thai nationalism
A third set of policies was designed to encourage Thai nationalism in the nation's peoples such as the promotion of the king as a national figurehead and saluting the flag in school and the twice-daily broadcasts of the national anthem (Template:Langx; Template:Rtgs) on radio and television at 08:00 and 18:00 as well as in public spaces. Encouraging Thai nationalism had the intended side effect of discouraging other loyalties, such as that to Laos, stemming from the central Thais' fear of Lao cultural and political dominance in the Isan region<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and that of Malay (Template:Langx; Template:Rtgs) in the south.
See also
- Democracy Monument
- Education in Thailand
- History of Isan
- History of Thailand
- Internal colonialism
- Lan Na
- Mandala (political model)
- Monthon
- Socialization
- South Thailand insurgency
- Tai Tham alphabet
- Thai cultural mandates
- Thai exceptionalism
- Thai National Anthem
- Thai nationalism
- Zomia (geography)
References
Further reading
External links
- "The impact of surveying and map-making in Siam" in Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam; Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources... Editor in chief: Arnold Wright. Assistant editor: Oliver T. Breakspear. Published 1908 by Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company, Ltd. London [etc.] Library of Congress classification: DS565.W7 Open Library
- In Defense of the Thai-Style Democracy. Pattana Kitiarsa. Asia Research Institute. National University of Singapore. October 12, 2006. PDF.