The Circus, Bath
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The Circus is a historic ring of large townhouses in the city of Bath, Somerset, England, forming a circle with three entrances. Designed by architect John Wood, the Elder, it was built between 1754 and 1768,Template:Sfn and is regarded as a pre-eminent example of Georgian architecture. "Circus" (Latin) means a ring, oval or circle in English. The construction has been designated as a Grade I listed building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Circus is divided into three segments of equal length, with a lawn in the centre. Each segment faces one of the three entrances, ensuring a classical façade is always presented straight ahead.
History
The Circus, originally called the King's Circus, was designed by the architect John Wood, the Elder. Convinced that Bath had been the principal centre of Druid activity in Britain,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Wood surveyed Stonehenge, which has a diameter of Template:Convert at the outer earth bank, and designed the Circus with a Template:Convert diameter to mimic this.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Wood died less than three months after the first stone was laid; his son, John Wood, the Younger, completed the project to his father's design. The initial leases for the south west segment were granted in 1755–1767, for the south east segment in 1762–1766, and for the north segment in 1764–1766.
The Circus was part of John Wood the Elder's grand vision to recreate a classical Palladian architectural landscape for the city. Other projects included nearby Queen Square and the never-built Forum. The culmination of Wood's career, the Circus is considered his masterpiece.<ref>Gadd, David, Georgian Summer, Countryside Books, updated edition 1987.</ref>
The painter Thomas Gainsborough lived in number 17 between 1758 and 1774, using part of its space as his portrait studio.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Number 15 was home to Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton and his family in the first half of the 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the Bath Blitz of 25/26 April 1942, one of the Baedeker Blitz retaliatory raids on England following the Royal Air Force's raid on Lübeck, Germany, a bomb fell into the Circus, demolishing several of the houses. These have since been reconstructed in the original style.
Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the Circus as one of his five choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary series Britain's Best Buildings.<ref name="bbc">Template:Cite web</ref>
Design
Three Classical orders (Greek Doric, Roman/Composite and Corinthian) are used, one above the other, in the elegant curved façades. The frieze of the Doric entablature is decorated with alternating triglyphs and 525 pictorial emblems, including serpents, nautical symbols, devices representing the arts and sciences, and Masonic symbols. The parapet is adorned with stone acorn finials.
When viewed from the air, the Circus, along with Queen Square and the adjoining Gay Street, form a key shape, which is a masonic symbol similar to those that adorn many of Wood's buildings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The central area was originally paved with stone setts, covering a reservoir in the centre that supplied water to the houses. In 1800 the Circus residents enclosed the central part of the open space as a garden. Now, the central area is grassed over and is home to a group of five large plane trees, which are believed to date to around 1820.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They are contributing factors to the Grade I listing of the Circus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gallery
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The Circus
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A view of The Circus
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Another view of The Circus
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Aerial view
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Windows vary in size, and details by Classical order
References
Bibliography
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- Michael Forsyth, Bath, Pevsner Architectural Guides, Yale University Press, 2003.
External links
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- Bath Past: The Circus — an article by Jean Manco.