The Living Daylights

The Living Daylights is a 1987 spy film, the fifteenth entry in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the first of two to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The fourth film in the series to be directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story "The Living Daylights", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment Casino Royale. It is also the first film to have Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny, replacing Lois Maxwell.

The Living Daylights was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, his stepson Michael G. Wilson, and co-produced by his daughter, Barbara Broccoli. It grossed $191.2 million worldwide and was followed by Licence to Kill in 1989.

Plot

James Bond, alongside fellow MI6 agents 004 and 002, participates in a training exercise in Gibraltar. During the exercise, an assassin kills 004 and several British military personnel. Bond manages to chase down the assassin, who dies after a vehicle chase.

Some time later, Bond is assigned to help KGB General Georgi Koskov defect to the West, acting as a counter-sniper covering his escape from a concert hall in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. During the mission, Bond notices that the KGB sniper assigned to "protect" Koskov is a female cellist from the orchestra. Disobeying his orders to kill the sniper, he shoots the rifle from the cellist, then uses the Trans-Siberian Pipeline to smuggle Koskov across the border to the West.

In his post-defection debriefing, Koskov informs MI6 that the KGB's old policy of "Smert Shpionam", meaning "Death to Spies", has been reactivated by General Leonid Pushkin, the new head of the KGB. Koskov is later abducted from the Blayden estate safe-house and is assumed to have been taken back to Moscow. Bond is ordered to track down Pushkin in Tangier and kill him, to stop further killings of agents and escalation of tensions between the Soviet Union and the West. Bond agrees to carry out the mission when he learns that the assassin who killed 004 left a note reading "Smiert Spionam".

Bond returns to Bratislava to track down the cellist, Kara Milovy. He finds out that Koskov's defection was faked, and that Kara is actually Koskov's girlfriend. Bond convinces Kara that he is a friend of Koskov's and persuades her to accompany him to Vienna, supposedly to be reunited with him. They escape Bratislava while being pursued by the KGB and Slovak police, crossing over the border into Austria. Meanwhile, Pushkin meets with arms dealer Brad Whitaker in Tangier, informing him that the KGB is cancelling an arms deal previously arranged between Koskov and Whitaker.

During his brief journey with Kara in Vienna, Bond visits the Prater to meet his MI6 ally, Saunders, who discovers a history of financial dealings between Koskov and Whitaker. As he leaves their meeting, Saunders is killed by Koskov's henchman Necros, who again leaves the message "Smert' Shpionam". Bond and Kara promptly leave for Tangier. There, Bond confronts Pushkin, who denies any knowledge of "Smert' Shpionam" and reveals that Koskov is evading arrest for embezzlement of government funds. Bond and Pushkin then join forces, and Bond fakes Pushkin's assassination, causing Whitaker and Koskov to progress with their scheme. Meanwhile, Kara contacts Koskov, who tells her that Bond is actually a KGB agent and convinces her to drug him so that he can be captured.

Koskov, Necros, Kara, and the drugged Bond fly to a Soviet air base in Afghanistan, where Koskov betrays Kara and imprisons her, alongside Bond. The pair escape, and in doing so, free a condemned prisoner, Kamran Shah, leader of the local Mujahideen. Bond and Kara discover that Koskov is using Soviet funds to buy a massive shipment of opium from the Mujahideen, intending to keep the profits with enough left over to supply the Soviets with their arms and buy Western arms from Whitaker.

With the Mujahideen's help, Bond plants a bomb aboard the cargo plane carrying the opium but is discovered and has no choice but to barricade himself in the plane. Meanwhile, the Mujahideen attack the air base on horseback and engage the Soviets in a gun battle. During the battle, Kara drives a jeep into the cargo hold of the plane as Bond takes off, and Necros also jumps on board at the last second from a jeep driven by Koskov. After a fight, Bond sends Necros falling to his death and deactivates the bomb. Bond then notices Shah and his men being pursued by Soviet forces. He re-activates the bomb and drops it out of the plane and onto a bridge, blowing it up and helping Shah and his men escape the Soviets. The plane subsequently crashes, destroying the drugs, while Bond and Kara escape.

Bond returns to Tangier to kill Whitaker, infiltrating his estate with the help of Felix Leiter. Pushkin arrests Koskov, ordering him to be sent back to Moscow "in the diplomatic bag".

Sometime later, Kara is the solo cellist in a Vienna performance. Kamran Shah and his men jostle in during the intermission and are introduced to now-diplomat General Gogol (Pushkin's predecessor at the KGB), and the Soviets. After her performance, Bond surprises Kara in her dressing room, and they embrace.

Cast

Template:Castlist Composer John Barry makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an orchestra conductor.

Production

Originally the film was proposed to be a prequel in the series, an idea that eventually resurfaced with the reboot of the series in 2006, Casino Royale. SMERSH, the fictionalised Soviet counterintelligence agency that featured in Fleming's Casino Royale and several other early James Bond novels, was an acronym for 'Smiert Shpionam' —'Death to Spies'.<ref name=mg>Template:Cite video</ref>

Casting

In autumn 1985, following the mixed reception of A View to a Kill, work began on scripts for the next Bond film, with the intention that Roger Moore would not reprise the role of James Bond.Template:Sfn Moore, who by the time of the release of The Living Daylights would have been 59 years old, chose to retire from the role after 12 years and seven films. Albert Broccoli, however, claimed that he let Moore go from the role.Template:Sfn

During an extensive search for a new actor to play Bond, a number of actors, including New Zealander Sam Neill,<ref name=mg/> Irish-born Pierce Brosnan, and Welsh-born stage actor Timothy Dalton, auditioned for the role in 1986. Bond co-producer Michael G. Wilson, director John Glen, Dana and Barbara Broccoli "were impressed with Sam Neill and very much wanted to use him." However, Albert Broccoli was not sold on the actor.Template:Sfn In 2022, Neill stated that he had never wanted the role.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Meanwhile, Jerry Weintraub, the chairman of MGM/UA Communications, suggested hiring Mel Gibson for a two-picture deal valued at $10 million, but Broccoli was not interested.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Other actors touted in the press included Bryan Brown, Michael Nader, Andrew Clarke, and Finlay Light.Template:Sfn

File:Aston Martin V8 Saloon.jpg

The official car, the Aston Martin V8, at a James Bond convention.

The producers eventually offered the role to Brosnan after a three-day screen-test.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> At the time, he was contracted to the television series Remington Steele, which had been cancelled by the NBC network due to falling ratings. The announcement that he would be chosen to play James Bond caused a surge in interest in the series, which led to NBC exercising (less than three days prior to expiry) a 60-day option in Brosnan's contract to make a further season of the series.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> NBC's action caused drastic repercussions,Template:Efn as a result of which Broccoli withdrew the offer given to Brosnan, saying that he did not want the character associated with a contemporary television series. This led to a drop in interest in Remington Steele, and only five new episodes were filmed before the series was finally cancelled.<ref name="klast">Template:Cite web</ref> The edict from Broccoli was that "Remington Steele would not be James Bond."<ref>Template:Cite video</ref>

Dana Broccoli suggested Timothy Dalton. Albert Broccoli was initially reluctant given Dalton's public lack of interest in the role, but at his wife's urging agreed to meet the actor.Template:Sfn However, Dalton was due to begin filming Brenda Starr and so was unavailable.<ref name=pm>Template:Cite video</ref> In the intervening period, having completed Brenda Starr,Template:Sfn Dalton was offered the role once again, which he accepted.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> For a period, the filmmakers had Dalton, but he had not signed a contract. A casting director persuaded Robert Bathurst—an English actor who would become known for his roles in Joking Apart, Cold Feet, and Downton Abbey—to audition for Bond.<ref name="McCaffrey, Julie">Template:Cite news</ref>

Bathurst believes that his "ludicrous audition" was only "an arm-twisting exercise" because the producers wanted to persuade Dalton to take the role by telling him they were still auditioning other actors.<ref name="McCaffrey, Julie"/> Dalton agreed to the film while travelling between airports: "Without anything to do, I decided to start thinking about whether I really, really should or should not do James Bond. Although obviously we'd moved some way along in that process, I just wasn't set on whether I should do it or shan't I do it. But the moment of truth was fast approaching as to whether I'd say yes or no. And that's where I said yes. I picked up the phone from the hotel room in the Miami airport and called them and said, "Yep, you're on: I'll do it."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dalton's take was very different from that of Moore, regarded as more in line of Ian Fleming's character: a reluctant hero who is often uncomfortable in his job.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dalton wished to create a Bond different from Moore's, feeling he would have declined the project if he were asked to imitate Moore.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> In contrast to Moore's more jocular approach, Dalton found his creative muse from the original books: "I definitely wanted to recapture the essence and flavour of the books, and play it less flippantly. After all, Bond's essential quality is that he's a man who lives on the edge. He could get killed at any moment, and that stress and danger factor is reflected in the way he lives, chain-smoking, drinking, fast cars and fast women."<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref>

Moore declined to watch The Living Daylights in cinema as he did not wish to demonstrate any negative opinions about the project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Broccoli enjoyed the change of tone, feeling that Brosnan would have been too similar to Moore.Template:Sfn Neill thought Dalton performed well in the role,<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref> and Brosnan called Dalton a good choice in 1987, but felt it too near the bone to watch the finished film.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref> Brosnan won the role in 1994, based on his filmed audition from 1986.<ref>Template:Cite podcast</ref> Sean Connery endorsed Dalton in an interview with the Daily Mail,Template:Sfn and Desmond Llewelyn enjoyed working with a fellow stage actor.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref>

The English actress Maryam d'Abo, a former model, was cast as the Czechoslovak cellist Kara Milovy. In 1984, d'Abo had attended auditions for the role of Pola Ivanova in A View to a Kill. Barbara Broccoli included d'Abo in the audition for playing Kara, which she later passed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> D'abo presented a longer account in recent years. While she was chosen for Pola Ivanova, John Glen, the director did notice she had potential. After filming another movie in Germany the director there recommended D'abo to the Broccoli family. She was in a health club with a different hairstyle from her previous screen test and encountered Barbara Broccoli who praised her new looks and after hearing Glen wanted to see her again, she was chosen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Originally, the KGB general set up by Koskov was to be General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service.Template:Sfn This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group a-ha (who performed the film's title song), was offered a minor role as a henchman but declined, because of lack of time and because he believed they wanted to cast him for his popularity rather than his acting.Template:Citation needed Joe Don Baker was hired based on his performance in Edge of Darkness, which was helmed by future Bond director Martin Campbell.Template:Sfn

Director John Glen decided to include the macaw from For Your Eyes Only.Template:Sfn It can be seen squawking in the kitchen of Blayden House when Necros attacks MI6's officers.

Filming

File:Stonor House, Oxfordshire - geograph.org.uk - 3231684.jpg

Stonor House

The film was shot at Pinewood Studios at its 007 Stage in the United Kingdom, as well as Weissensee in Austria. The pre-title sequence was filmed on the Rock of Gibraltar and although the sequence shows a hijacked Land Rover careening down various sections of road for several minutes before bursting through a wall towards the sea, the location mostly used the same short stretch of road at the very top of the Rock, shot from numerous different angles. The beach defences seen at the foot of the Rock in the initial shot were also added solely for the film, to an otherwise non-military area. The action involving the Land Rover switched from Gibraltar to Beachy Head in the UK for the shot showing the vehicle actually getting airborne.<ref name="Inside The Living Daylights">Template:Cite video</ref>

File:Wien - Volksoper (2).JPG

Vienna's Volksoper

Trial runs of the stunt with the Land Rover, during which Bond escapes by parachute from the tumbling vehicle, were filmed in the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States,<ref name="Inside The Living Daylights"/> although the final cut of the film uses a shot achieved using a dummy. Bratislava sequences were filmed in Vienna. The outside shots of the Bratislava concert hall show the Volksoper, while the interiors were shot in the Sofiensäle. The tram scene was filmed in Währing, Vienna and the border chase was filmed in Carinthia, including the town of Nassfeld, on the Austrian/Italian border.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The location used for the home of villain Whitaker was the Forbes Museum in Tangier, Morocco,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while desert scenes were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco. The conclusion of the film was shot at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna and Elveden Hall, Suffolk.

Principal photography commenced at Gibraltar on 17 September 1986. Aerial stuntmen B. J. Worth and Jake Lombard performed the pre-credits parachute jump.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> Both the terrain and wind were unfavourable. Consideration was given to the stunt being done using cranes but aerial stunts arranger B. J. Worth stuck to skydiving and completed the scenes in a day.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> The aircraft used for the jump was a Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which in the film had M's office installed in the aircraft cabin. The initial point of view for the scene shows M in what appears to be his usual London office, but the camera then zooms out to reveal that it is, in fact, inside an aircraft.<ref name="Double-O Stuntmen">Template:Cite video</ref>

Although marked as a Royal Air Force aircraft, the one in shot belonged to the Spanish Air Force and was used again later in the film for the Afghanistan sequences, this time in Soviet markings. During this later chapter, a fight breaks out on the open ramp of the aircraft in flight between Bond and Necros, before Necros falls to his death. Although the plot and preceding shots suggest the aircraft is a C-130, the shot of Necros falling away from the aircraft show a twin engine cargo plane, a Fairchild C-123 Provider. Worth and Lombard also doubled for Bond and Necros in the scenes where they are hanging and fighting on a bag in a plane's open cargo door,<ref name="Double-O Stuntmen"/> with the exterior shots filmed over the Mojave Desert in the United States.Template:Citation needed

The press would not meet Dalton and d'Abo until 5 October 1986, when the main unit travelled to Vienna.<ref name="prod">Template:Cite web</ref> Almost two weeks after the second unit filming on Gibraltar, the first unit started shooting with Andreas Wisniewski and stunt man Bill Weston.<ref name=pm/> During the course of the three days it took to film this fight, Weston fractured a finger and Wisniewski knocked him out once.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref> The next day found the crew on location at Stonor House, Oxfordshire, doubling for Blayden's Safe House, the first scene Jeroen Krabbé filmed.<ref>Template:Cite video</ref>

d'Abo recalled we were "[o]ne big and happy family traveling and filming together for five months."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The return of Aston Martin

File:Aston Martin V8 (The Living Daylights) front-left-2 National Motor Museum, Beaulieu.jpg

Customised V8 from The Living Daylights at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, one of two versions used in the film.

The film reunites Bond with the car maker Aston Martin. Following Bond's use of the Aston Martin DBS in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the filmmakers then turned to the brand new Lotus Esprit in 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me, which reappeared four years later in For Your Eyes Only. Aston Martin then returned with their Aston Martin V8.

Two different Aston Martin models were used in filming—a V8 Volante convertible, and later for the Czechoslovakia scenes, a hard-top V8 saloon rebadged to look like the Volante. The Volante was a production model owned by then Aston Martin Lagonda chairman, Victor Gauntlett.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Music

Template:Main The Living Daylights was the final Bond film to be scored by composer John Barry. The soundtrack is notable for its introduction of sequenced electronic rhythm tracks overdubbed with the orchestra—at the time, a relatively new innovation.

The title song of the film, "The Living Daylights", was co-written with Pål Waaktaar of the Norwegian pop-music group a-ha and recorded by the band. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song.<ref name="UKC4TV">Template:Cite video</ref> Barry's film mix is heard on the soundtrack (and on a-ha's later compilation album Headlines and Deadlines). The version preferred by the band can be heard on the a-ha album Stay on These Roads, released in 1988. However, in 2006, Waaktaar complimented Barry's contributions: "I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing".<ref name="UKC4TV"/> The title song is one of the few 007 title songs not performed or written by a British or American performer.

In a departure from previous Bond films, The Living Daylights was the first to use different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, "If There Was A Man" (which also acts as the "love theme" of the film), was one of two songs performed for the film by The Pretenders, with Chrissie Hynde on lead vocals. The other song, "Where Has Everybody Gone?", is heard from Necros's Walkman in the film—the melody of the song is subsequently used in the score to announce Necros whenever he attacks. The Pretenders were originally considered to perform the title song. However, the producers had been pleased with the commercial success of Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill", and felt that a-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The original soundtrack was released on LP and CD by Warner Bros. and featured only 12 tracks. Later re-releases by Rykodisc and EMI added nine additional tracks, including alternate instrumental end credits music. Rykodisc's version included the gun barrel and opening sequence of the film as well as the jailbreak sequence, and the bombing of the bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Additionally, the film featured a number of pieces of classical music, as the main Bond girl, Kara Milovy, is a cellist. Mozart's 40th Symphony in G minor (1st movement) is performed by the orchestra at the Conservatoire in Bratislava when Koskov flees.<ref>Mozart: Popular Music from Film Disc: 2</ref> As Moneypenny tells Bond, Kara is next to perform Alexander Borodin's String Quartet in D major,<ref>Classics at the Movies II CD 2 Catalogue Number: 4765940</ref> and the finale to Act II of Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro (in Vienna) also features.<ref>Campbell, Margaret, The Great Cellists (North Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1988).</ref> When arriving in Vienna, an orchestra outside the hotel in playing a movement from the Wein, Weib und Gesang waltz by Johann Strauss. Before Bond is drugged by Kara, she is practicing the Cello solo from the first movement of Dvořák's cello concerto in B minor.,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kara and an orchestra (conducted onscreen by John Barry) perform Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme to rapturous applause.

Release

The Prince and Princess of Wales attended the film's premiere on 29 June 1987 at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the three days following the premiere, the film grossed £52,656 in Leicester Square and £13,049 at the Odeon Marble Arch before expanding to 18 screens where it grossed £136,503 for the weekend, finishing third at the UK box office for the weekend and second for the week behind The Secret of My Success.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=18jul>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The following week it expanded to 60 screens and grossed £252,940 for the weekend, finishing second to Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol.<ref name=18jul/> A week later it expanded to 116 screens but remained in second place for the weekend with a gross of £523,264 however finally reached number one for the week with a gross of £1,072,420 from 131 screens.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It went on to gross £8.2 million ($19 million) in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=international>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On the film's opening weekend in the US, it grossed $11 million, surpassing the $5.2 million grossed by The Lost Boys that was released on the same day,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and setting a record 3-day opening for a Bond film, beating OctopussyTemplate:'s (1983) $8.9 million. However, it did not beat the 4-day record of $13.3 million set by A View to a Kill (1985).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It went on to gross $51.2 million in the United States and Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Living Daylights grossed the equivalent of $191.2 million worldwide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other large international grosses include $19.5 million in Germany, $12.6 million in Japan and $11.4 million in France.<ref name=international/>

In the film, Koskov and Whitaker repeatedly use vehicles and drug packets marked with the Red Cross. This action angered a number of Red Cross Societies, which sent letters of protest regarding the film. In addition, the British Red Cross attempted to prosecute the filmmakers and distributors. However, no legal action was taken.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, the producers included a disclaimer regarding the use of the Red Cross in the opening.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Reception

Rita Kempley, reviewing for The Washington Post, praised Dalton's performance, naming him:Template:Cquote Furthermore, she praised the film as "graciously paced, though overplotted, so some seat-shifting sets in about 30 minutes before the end."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Janet Maslin of The New York Times complimented Dalton's performance, feeling that he had "enough presence, the right debonair looks and the kind of energy that the Bond series has lately been lacking." While praising the supporting characters, she criticised the long runtime and noted Glen's direction "has the colorful but perfunctory style that goes with the territory, and it's adequate if uninspired."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave The Living Daylights two stars out of four, criticising the lack of humour in the protagonist and feeling General Whitaker was "not one of the great Bond villains. He's a kooky phony general who plays with toy soldiers and never seems truly diabolical. Without a great Bond girl, a great villain or a hero with a sense of humor, The Living Daylights belongs somewhere on the lower rungs of the Bond ladder. But there are some nice stunts."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gene Siskel of The Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars out of four, commending Dalton as superior to Roger Moore but feeling he "simply doesn't have the manliness or the charm of Sean Connery." He criticised the film for its perceived tentativeness, writing that the "filmmakers were trying to strike a middle ground between the glamor of the Connery Bond films and the dubious humor of the Moore Bonds. The result is a film that is not so much bad as mechanical and uptight."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Dalton "makes for an appealing Bond, and with his distinctive bow-shaped mouth and the cleft in his chin, no one is likely to confuse [him] with the blandness that was George Lazenby or the corseted stiffness that was Roger Moore, two prior Bonds. And unlike Sean Connery's cooly sadistic agent, Dalton's 007 has exquisite manners — both of the bedside and roadside variety."<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Open access</ref> Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail wrote of Dalton's Bond that "you get the feeling that on his off nights, he might curl up with the Reader's Digest and catch an episode of Moonlighting".<ref name="Scott (1987)">Template:Cite news</ref> Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote Dalton "hasn't the natural authority of Connery nor the facile charm of Moore, but George Lazenby he is not. He is, in fact, four-square on the Balham Line — decent, daring, not above unorthodoxy but unlikely to ask Q for a fool-proof condom for the Aids era." Overall, he felt the film was "a slightly more sensible Bond than before, allowing for glasnost — the Ruskies aren't all bad — and suggesting 007 has at least grown less like a predatory little boy."<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Open access</ref>

Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel noted: "Dalton shows a serious side that's been missing from the role since Sean Connery's earliest 007 days. And as a whole, the new picture is less of a special-effects affair than most of Roger Moore's Bond films. There's no shortage of action in The Living Daylights, but the movie adds up to a real adventure."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Richard Corliss of Time magazine gave the film a positive review, stating Dalton "finds some of the lethal charm of Sean Connery, along with a touch of crabby Harrison Ford. This Bond is as fast on his feet as with his wits; an ironic scowl creases his face; he's battle ready yet war-weary."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Retrospective reviews

Retrospective reviews of the film have been considerably more positive. The Independent placed the film as the fourth best Bond movie, praising the tough, nervy edge Dalton brought to the franchise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dalton himself has said he preferred The Living Daylights over Licence to Kill.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dalton's predecessor, Roger Moore, discussing the Bond series in 2012, called the film a "bloody good movie".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> IGN lauded the film for bringing back realism and espionage to the film series, and showing James Bond's dark side.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Les Roopanarine, in a retrospective review for The Guardian, called the film his favourite Bond film, praising Dalton for "bringing a more nuanced interpretation to the role, with his relationships evolving in a way never seen before in previous Bond films."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a poll involving Bond experts and fans of the franchise, The Living Daylights was ranked the sixth-best Bond film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 73% based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Newcomer Timothy Dalton plays James Bond with more seriousness than preceding installments, and the result is exciting and colorful but occasionally humorless."<ref name="rt">Template:Cite web</ref> On Metacritic it has a score of 59 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Retrospective reviews have been critical of the portrayal of the mujahideen in the film, with The Atlantic writing that the film failed to capture "the complexities of their historical moment".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Others have said that the film "sidesteps more problematic aspects of mujahideen activities"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and that "any critical reading of the film in light of modern Afghanistan, and the post-Soviet incarnations/evolution of the Mujahedeen, I lock securely in the box marked 'Let's Not Go There.Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Outline of James Bond

Sources

• Template:Cite book
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External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:IMDb title
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• The Living Daylights review in 007 Magazine
• Inside The Living Daylights Documentary Template:Webarchive