The River (Bruce Springsteen album)

The River is the fifth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released as a double album on October 17, 1980, through Columbia Records. The album was Springsteen's attempt to make a record that captured the E Street Band's live sound. Co-produced by Springsteen, his manager Jon Landau, and bandmate Steven Van Zandt, the recording sessions lasted 18 months in New York City from March 1979 to August 1980. Springsteen originally planned to release a single LP, The Ties That Bind, in late 1979, before deciding it did not fit his vision and scrapping it. Over 50 songs were recorded, with outtakes being released as B-sides, or on compilation albums.

The River is a heartland rock and rock and roll record with a live garage-band sound, combining party songs with introspective ballads. The lyrics expand on the themes of Springsteen's previous albums Born to Run (1975) and Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978) and mainly focus on love, marriage, and family. Springsteen took inspiration from the writer Flannery O'Connor for the characterizations. The cover photograph of Springsteen was taken by Frank Stefanko, who also took the front cover photograph of Darkness on the Edge of Town.

The River became Springsteen's first album to top the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart in the US and was his fastest-selling album yet. It was also a commercial success elsewhere, topping the chart in Canada and Norway, and reaching number two in the UK. It spawned several singles, including "Hungry Heart", a US top ten, "Fade Away", and "The River". Springsteen and the E Street Band supported the album on The River Tour from October 1980 to September 1981.

Upon release, music critics praised the songwriting, the performances of the E Street Band, and the lyrical evolution, while others believed Springsteen was recycling old material and lacking in creativity. In later decades, The River has been regarded as one of Springsteen's finest works, although many critics remain divided on the album's consistency. It has appeared on best-of lists, while several songs foreshadowed the direction Springsteen took on his next album, the solo effort Nebraska (1982). The River was reissued as an expanded box set in 2015, featuring the scrapped single LP, The Ties That Bind, and a documentary detailing the album's making.

Background

Bruce Springsteen supported his fourth studio album Darkness on the Edge of Town on the Darkness Tour from May 1978 to January 1979, performing with the E Street Band – Roy Bittan (piano), Clarence Clemons (saxophone), Danny Federici (organ), Garry Tallent (bass), Steven Van Zandt (guitar), and Max Weinberg (drums).Template:Sfn Upon the tour's completion, he began preparations for his next studio record.Template:Sfn Having grown closer with the E Street Band during the tour, he wanted his fifth album to be a "band" album,Template:Sfn one that captured the feel of the band playing on stage.<ref name="Salon" /> Springsteen stated: "I wanted to cut some music that felt very explosive. I wanted a record that combined the fun aspect of what the band did along with the story I was telling. Find a way to combine those things and create a bigger picture of what we did out in front of the people."Template:Sfn

Rehearsals took place with the E Street Band during the early months of 1979 at a studio inside Springsteen's home in Holmdel, New Jersey.<ref name="Salon" /> Springsteen wrote both new materialTemplate:Sfn and had an assortment of pre-written tracks either already recorded in the studio during the Darkness sessions or performed live on the tour,Template:Sfn including "Independence Day", "Point Blank", "The Ties That Bind", "Ramrod", "Drive All Night", and "Sherry Darling".Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Springsteen used the Byrds as the basis for several songs, specifically their use of harmony vocals to unite the band as a whole.Template:Sfn According to the author Peter Ames Carlin, the new material picked up where Darkness left off, being influenced by early rock and roll and country records, with stories capturing "snapshots of the real world as viewed through the hopes, labors, fears, joys, and strugglers of the unheralded many".Template:Sfn Songs that took shape during this time included "Be True", "Hungry Heart", "I Wanna Be with You", "Bring on the Night",Template:Sfn and "Roulette", which was written as a response to the Three Mile Island accident and foreshadowed Springsteen's future as a politicized singer-songwriter.Template:Sfn

Recording history

Initial sessions

A black and white photograph of seven men standing in a hallway. One is kneeling in the center while three stand on his left and three on his right

Springsteen (center, kneeling) and the E Street Band in February 1977

Recording sessions for the album began in March 1979 and took place at the Power Station in New York City.Template:Sfn The venue was chosen after Weinberg, Tallent, and Bittan had recorded Ian Hunter's You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic album there.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Several different microphones were set up around the studio's large gymnasium-sized room designed to capture the live sounds of the band.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Springsteen, Jon Landau, and Van Zandt acted as co-producers.Template:Sfn<ref name="CRReview">Template:Cite web</ref> Van Zandt exerted more control during these sessions after assisting with production during the Darkness sessions.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He was tasked with giving the band a more "garage" and "rugged" sound to contrast with Born to Run (1975) and Darkness,Template:Sfn and ensured the band was ready to play; Landau ensured progress was being made.Template:Sfn Van Zandt later said: "The River was the first record where I felt comfortable enough to start capturing what the band was all about."Template:Sfn

Springsteen's perfectionism from previous recording sessions remained, with the entire band recording numerous retakes of the same tracks.Template:Sfn The Power Station's resident engineer Bob Clearmountain was taken aback by Springsteen's work ethic at first but was impressed by his material and dedication to achieving perfection.Template:Sfn Songs were played based on the complexity of their chord structures. Springsteen taught the band the more complex ones in sections, while more simple ones began without the band knowing what they were playing entirely. Tallent remembered: "We'd hear the song for the first time while we were recording it."Template:Sfn Tracks were mostly recorded live, apart from occasional vocal, guitar, or saxophone overdubs.Template:Sfn

One of the first songs recorded was "The Ties That Bind".Template:Sfn In May, the band attempted "Bring on the Night" and the Born to Run outtake "Janey Needs a Shooter",Template:Efn the latter of which Springsteen donated to Warren Zevon.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Between May and mid-June, the band recorded "Sherry Darling", "Independence Day", "I Wanna Be With You", "Ramrod", "Bring on the Night", "Jackson Cage", "Be True", and "Hungry Heart",Template:Sfn which Springsteen initially wrote for the Ramones, believing its poppy sound was out of place with the rest of the material,Template:Sfn but Landau convinced him to keep it.<ref name="CRReview" />Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Harmony vocals on the song were provided by Flo & Eddie (Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, formerly of the Turtles).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Anticipating a hit single, the mixer Chuck Plotkin sped the tape up to "give the vocal a more boyish lilt", after which Clearmountain mixed the song. Springsteen initially disliked the finished song before being convinced it fit on the album and would perform well as the lead single.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In June, Springsteen attended the wedding of his lighting director Marc Brickman in Los Angeles, California,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn after which he wrote "Stolen Car" and other songs with marital and parental themes, including "The Price You Pay", "Loose Ends", "I Wanna Marry You", and "Cindy".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Other songs, such as "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" and "Ricky Wants a Man of Her Own", appeared by late July.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The sessions continued through August,Template:Sfn during which Springsteen wrote "The River".Template:Sfn By September,Template:Sfn he had finalized a track list and was ready to release the album, to be titled The Ties That Bind, by Christmas 1979.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Salon">Template:Cite web</ref> This version was engineered and mixed by Clearmountain. Nevertheless, Springsteen felt the album "wasn't enough" as he kept listening to it.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn In his 2016 autobiography Born to Run, he explained that he was inspired by artists such as Van Morrison, Bob Dylan, and Marvin Gaye, who "created self-aware, self-contained worlds on their albums, and then invited their fans to discover them".Template:Sfn After performing with the E Street Band at the No Nukes benefit concerts for Musicians United for Safe Energy at Madison Square Garden in mid-September,Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Springsteen reconceptualized the album.Template:Sfn He had debuted "The River" during the shows and wanted to write new material that reflected the song's darker themes.Template:Sfn<ref name="CRReview" />Template:Sfn

Later sessions

Template:Quote box With The Ties That Bind scrapped, the recording sessions continued through the end of 1979 into 1980 as Springsteen kept writing new material,Template:Sfn including "Crush on You", "Where All the Bands Are", "Party Lights", "I'm a Rocker", "Living on the Edge of the World", "Take 'em as They Come", "Out in the Street", and "Two Hearts".Template:Sfn Discussing his long recording periods in the studio, Springsteen said: "I stopped feeling bad about ... spending a long time in the studio ... I said [to myself], That's me, that's what I do. I work slow, and I work slow for a reason: To get the results that I want."Template:Sfn These sessions were engineered by Neil Dorfsman as Clearmountain departed for other commitments.Template:EfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Between January and April 1980, Springsteen continued writing new songs, such as "Restless Nights" and "Wreck on the Highway", and reintroduced already recorded material to re-record, including "Independence Day", "Point Blank", "Sherry Darling", "Drive All Night", "Stolen Car", and "Jackson Cage".Template:Sfn Landau proposed making the record a double album to encompass everything Springsteen was trying to achieve.<ref name="Salon" /> By the end of April, Springsteen had selected 22 tracks for the album, although recording continued. He later stated in the late 1990s: "It's never over until it's over. Everybody's telling you you're done and you take it home and it's just not right ... [But] my life at the time [of The River] was extremely focused, probably to the detriment of the records."Template:Sfn

The sessions lasted until August 1980Template:Sfn<ref name="CRReview" /> for a total of 18 months,Template:Sfn during which almost 50 songs were recorded.<ref name="Salon" />Template:Sfn Of the outtakes, some were issued as B-sides ("Be True", "Held Up Without a Gun", and "Roulette"),<ref name="CRReview" /> while others later appeared on compilation albums such as 1998's Tracks ("Loose Ends"Template:Sfn and "Ricky Wants a Man for Her Own"Template:Sfn) and 2015's The Ties That Bind: The River Collection ("Cindy"Template:Sfn and "The Man Who Got Away"Template:Sfn).Template:Sfn<ref name="TiesAM" /> Springsteen also gave songs to other artists, including "From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come)" to Dave Edmunds, who released his own version in 1982,Template:Sfn as well as "Dedication" and "Your Love" to the singer Gary U.S. Bonds.Template:Sfn Springsteen later admitted he left "an entire album ... [of] three [to] four-minute pop songs" in the vault.Template:Sfn

Mixing

Mixing for the double album, now called The River, was done at Clover Studios in Los Angeles by Plotkin and Toby Scott.Template:Sfn Reportedly lasting five months,Template:Sfn mixing the 20 chosen recordings proved problematic; the studio's microphones used to record the live sound bled together, creating a "muddled and unclear" sound.Template:Sfn Scott explained: "Neil [Dorfsman]'s recording of the room mics had been one of my problems when I mixed The River. There was so much cymbal in those room mics, I had to recreate the room by using the Clover studio and piping some of the drums back out over speakers into the studio to have them reverberate around, while also using reverb units."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Plotkin and Scott attempted to make their own mix of "Hungry Heart" before deciding Clearmountain's mix was superior.Template:Sfn Mastering was done by Ken Perry at Capitol Studios in Hollywood.Template:Sfn

Music and lyrics

Template:Quote box The River is a double album that contains 20 tracks.Template:Sfn<ref name="Petrusich">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Its musical style has been characterized as heartland rock,<ref name="CoSTies">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Pareles" /> rock and roll,Template:Sfn<ref name="LloydPI">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="HewittMM">Template:Cite magazine</ref> R&B, folk, and country, with vocal hints at British punk rock and new wave.Template:Sfn Kenneth Partridge of Billboard retrospectively described The River as Springsteen's "new wave album, but it's also his pop album".<ref name="Partridge" /> According to AllMusic's Mark Deming, the music was "leaner" and "more strongly rooted in rock & roll" than Born to Run and Darkness.<ref name="Deming" /> Due to the nature in which the album was recorded, The River features a "garage band" and "live" sound throughout,<ref name="CRReview" /><ref name="SmithRutter2008">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="GuardBest">Template:Cite web</ref> which Springsteen said represented an effort "to provide fuel for our live show and to create a counterbalance to the ballads that began showing up more and more in my work".Template:Sfn Carlin said the live performances give the songs a "barroom feel that trade the precision of 'Born to Run' and 'Darkness on the Edge of Town' with the power of the full band's instrumental wallop".Template:Sfn

A black-and-white photo of Flannery of O'Connor in 1947

The writings of Flannery O'Connor (pictured in 1947) influenced Springsteen when writing the characterizations on The River.

Expanding on the themes of its two predecessors,<ref name="ExclaimTies">Template:Cite web</ref> The RiverTemplate:'s lyrics focus primarily on love, marriage, and family.Template:Sfn Springsteen himself said the record "was my first attempt to write about the commitments of home and marriage."Template:Sfn He was particularly influenced by the writer Flannery O'Connor for his characterizations, stating: "There was something in those stories of hers that I felt captured a certain part of the American character that I was interested in writing about."<ref name="Treble">Template:Cite web</ref> Paul Pearson of Treble stated that Springsteen stripped the storytelling of the album's two predecessors for in-depth character studies: "The characters on Born to Run and Darkness were ones everyone recognized. The characters on The River were ones we knew."<ref name="Treble" /> The writers Larry David Smith and Jon Rutter split The RiverTemplate:'s songs into three storytelling styles: "frivolous" party songs ("Cadillac Ranch", "Ramrod"), songs detailing relationships ("The Ties that Bind", "Two Hearts", "I Wanna Marry You"), and "a systematic extension of Darkness themes via a series of life-is-hell songs" ("Independence Day", "The River", "The Price You Pay").<ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> The album also deals with car themes extensively, particularly on sides three and four; on "Sherry Darling" and "Crush on You", the car represents "tedious responsibility" and "the arrival of lust", respectively.<ref name="Treble" /><ref name="SpinBest">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In his 2004 book Two Hearts, Dave Marsh summarized:Template:Sfn

Side one

The album opener, "The Ties That Bind", is an up-tempo track featuring saxophone.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn In it, the narrator addresses his heartbroken girlfriend who wants to live without thinking about other people.Template:Sfn He challenges her not to forsake love but accept the ties of relationships.Template:Sfn "Sherry Darling" is a "frat-rock"<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn song with a live feel,<ref name="HewittMM" /> featuring cheers and background singing.Template:Sfn Based on 1960s songs like the Swingin' Medallions' "Double Shot of My Baby's Love" (1966),<ref name="Partridge" /> the lyrics are about a man who wants to be alone with his girlfriend in his car, but is stuck driving his rowdy mother-in-law to an unemployment agency.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn "Jackson Cage" is a rock and new wave song featuring organ. It is about a woman living a secluded life, which prevents her from achieving the American dream.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn Springsteen said of the song: "I never knew anybody who was unhappy with their job and was happy with their life. It's your sense of purpose. Now, some people can find it elsewhere. Some people can work a job and find it some place else."Template:Sfn

"Two Hearts" is a garage rockTemplate:Sfn song about searching for a lover and someone to help "whip this world" into a place worth living.<ref name="Partridge" /> "Independence Day" is a slow, introspective ballad featuring piano, acoustic guitar, and saxophone.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn<ref name="RuhlmannID" /> A drama about a relationship between a father and son, the son has realized he and his father, despite their similarities, will never agree on anything, leaving him to declare his "independence" from his father and leave home.<ref name="CRReview" /><ref name="Partridge" /><ref name="SmithRutter2008" /><ref name="RuhlmannID">Template:Cite web</ref> The song was inspired by Springsteen's relationship with his own father.Template:Sfn

Side two

Two men singing on stage

The duo Flo & Eddie (Mark Volman, left, and Howard Kaylan, right, in 2008) provided harmony vocals on "Hungry Heart".

Based on a piano riff from the Four Seasons' "Dawn (Go Away)" (1964),Template:Sfn "Hungry Heart" is a pop song about a man who leaves his family.<ref name="Petrusich" /> He reminisces about his relationship history, and by the song's end, he realizes he needs to return to a home life.<ref name="SmithRutter2008" />Template:Sfn Springsteen's vocals were sped up to sound more "boyish", while the duo Flo & Eddie provided harmony vocals.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn "Out in the Street" is a new wave and rock song led by piano.Template:Efn Lyrically, it uses street parties as a getaway from the depressing, hard working life,Template:Sfn with emphasis on asserting youthfulness.<ref name="HewittMM" /> "Crush on You" is a Rolling Stones-esqueTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Partridge" /> dance song featuring slide guitar from Van Zandt.<ref name="HewittMM" /> In the lyrics, the narrator sees the girl of his dreams and imagines what she is like, from her possible occupation as a waitress or a bank teller, to an heir to the Rockefeller family.Template:Sfn

"You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)" is a neo-rockabilly song<ref name="Partridge" /> compared by the authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon to the styles of Eddie Cochran and Duane Eddy.Template:Sfn The song's subject is frustrated with commerce and his inability to express his sexual desires.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn Following a series of upbeat rock songs,Template:Sfn "I Wanna Marry You" is a slower 1960s style pop ballad about romance.<ref name="HewittMM" /><ref name="Partridge" /> In it, a couple question their relationship responsibilities;<ref name="Partridge" /> the narrator promises to do the best for his girl.<ref name="Petrusich" /> Margotin and Guesdon write that the song represents a return to the main theme throughout The River, that "only life as a couple allows you to overcome the misfortunes and failures of life".Template:Sfn

The album's title track asks the album's central question: "Is a dream a lie if it [does not] come true, or is it something worse?"<ref name="SutherlandHF">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="PondLA">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Inspired by the lives of Springsteen's own sister and brother-in-law,Template:Sfn<ref name="CRReview" /> "The River" possesses themes of nostalgia and sadness,Template:Sfn telling the story of a young man who has settled into life by his late teens, marrying his pregnant girlfriend, Mary,Template:Sfn and getting a union construction job.<ref name="AMRiverSong" /> The couple are bound to follow the same working class lives as their parents, as well as their grandparents.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:Sfn The song also describes the couple's unromantic courthouse wedding, the narrator losing his job due to the "economy",Template:Sfn and the two's memories of swimming in a local watering hole referred to as "the river".<ref name="AMRiverSong" /> The title has also been interpreted as a metaphor for the narrator's passions, which by the song's end has "gone dry".<ref name="AMRiverSong">Template:Cite web</ref> Musically inspired by "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (1949) by Hank Williams,Template:Sfn "The River" is a mid-tempo folk and Americana ballad featuring harmonica.<ref name="CRReview" /><ref name="AMRiverSong" />

Side three

Template:Listen "Point Blank" is a downbeat, dark ballad with a melancholic atmosphere.Template:Sfn It concerns a narrator telling the story of how the woman he loves is about to die, further describing past moments in their lives.Template:Sfn "Cadillac Ranch" is a 1950s Chuck Berry-style rock song about the titular ranch located in Amarillo, Texas, with lyrically references to Junior Johnson, James Dean, and Burt Reynolds.<ref name="Partridge" />Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn "I'm a Rocker" is a humorous,<ref name="HewittMM" /> playful,Template:Sfn rockabilly-style<ref name="Partridge" /> rock song offering "an effective sideswipe at commercialism gone wrong",<ref name="HewittMM" /> featuring cultural references to Batman, James Bond, Kojak, Columbo, Mission: Impossible, and more.<ref name="Partridge" /><ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> Margotin and Guesdon write that tracks such as "I'm a Rocker" encapsulated the energy of the live songs, while others like "Point Blank" echoed the "austerity" of Darkness.Template:Sfn

"Fade Away" is a pop-soulTemplate:Sfn "retro ballad"<ref name="Partridge" /> wherein the narrator expresses his sadness after his ex-girlfriend falls in love with another man.Template:Sfn The man's memories of her consumes him,<ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> as he does not want to disappear from her life.Template:Sfn "Stolen Car" is a ballad with a "dense, dreamlike atmosphere"Template:Sfn that describes a man being haunted by memories of an ended romance.<ref name="Partridge" /> Heartbroken,<ref name="HewittMM" /> he turns to crime as he drives a stolen car through the night, causing the darkness as he has lost his love.<ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> Springsteen said of the track: "That song's character, drifting through the night, is the first to face the angels and devils that will drive him toward his love and keep him from ever reaching her."Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn

Side four

"Ramrod" is a rock and roll<ref name="HewittMM" /> song that Partridge retrospectively compared to Springsteen's 1984 B-side "Pink Cadillac".<ref name="Partridge" /> The song's subject expresses passion for his car, a 1932 Ford with a Hemi engine and four gears.Template:Sfn Carlin wrote that "the narrator has death on his mind, even as he pushes his automotive slang into the red zone of sexual metaphor."Template:Sfn According to Margotin and Guesdon, the narrator is Springsteen himself reminiscing about his adolescence in New Jersey.Template:Sfn "The Price You Pay" is a pop<ref name="HewittMM" /> and rock balladTemplate:Sfn with musical and lyrics references to "The Promised Land" from Darkness.<ref name="Partridge" /> It is one of several tracks on the album that concern the human toll of economic and social inequalityTemplate:Sfn and contains a second-person proverb about facing the costs of life and love.Template:Sfn In the song, the narrator recounts to a young woman on a beach the story of "the promised land", wherein the characters "crossed the desert sands" only to be turned away and "to face the price you pay".<ref name="SmithRutter2008" />

Template:Listen "Drive All Night" is a slower song driven by "dark romanticism",Template:Sfn featuring piano, organ, and saxophone.<ref name="Partridge" /> The song concerns a narrator who has lost his true love.<ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> He describes the pain he feelsTemplate:Sfn as he drives through the night, eventually urging his lost love to return to him, despite their relational problems, and fully embrace each other.<ref name="SmithRutter2008" /> "Wreck on the Highway" is a country-style balladTemplate:Sfn that took inspiration from the 1930s Roy Acuff country song of the same name.Template:Sfn Taking place on a rainy night, the song concerns a man witnessing a car accident on the highway during his drive home from work. As an ambulance arrives to take the injured driver away, the narrator's emotions consume him as he thinks about the victim's significant other and her pain when she learns of the accident.<ref name="SmithRutter2008" />Template:Sfn Partridge said the song unifies the entire album by containing bouts of humor mixed with moments of sadness, representing "the randomness of the world".<ref name="Partridge" /> Springsteen said "Wreck on the Highway", as the album's final track, symbolized the closing of the highway: "It's a recognition of mortality."Template:Sfn

Packaging and artwork

The cover art of The River is a black-and-white close-up photograph of Springsteen taken by Frank Stefanko, who previously took the cover photograph for Darkness.Template:Sfn According to Stefanko, the image was an outtake from the Darkness photo sessions, chosen by Springsteen while mixing The River.<ref name="StefankoRS">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Springsteen wanted The RiverTemplate:'s cover photo to be "sober and serious".Template:Sfn In it, he appears unshaven, dons a plaid shirt, and is looking into the camera. The authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon argue that the image signifies that The River is a record "from the American heartland of the countryside and small towns" and "an album recorded by blue-collar musicians".Template:Sfn Springsteen's name and the album title are colored blue against a black background. The cover was designed by Jimmy Wachtel.Template:Sfn

The album's back cover features various images, including five brides and a groom, a stack of paper cups, a bald eagle, and an American flag.Template:Sfn<ref name="PalmerNYT" /> On the album's original release, Robert Palmer of The New York Times argued that the back cover contributes to the album's "thematic thrust".<ref name="PalmerNYT" /> The inside of the sleeve features photographs of Springsteen and the E Street Band and the lyrics of the 20 songs.Template:Sfn

Release and promotion

The River was released through Columbia Records on October 17, 1980.<ref name="Partridge">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="UCR">Template:Cite web</ref> The album was a commercial success, becoming Springsteen's first album to reach number one on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. It also became his fastest-selling album yet,Template:Sfn selling 1.6 million copies in the US by Christmas 1980.<ref name="billboard2" /> The album was also a success elsewhere, topping the charts in Canada and Norway,<ref name="CANchart" /><ref name="NORchart" /> and reached number two in the Netherlands,<ref name="NETHchart" /> Sweden,<ref name="SWEchart" /> and the UK,<ref name="UKchart" /> three in France,<ref name="FRAchart" /> five in Spain,Template:Sfn and eight in Australia.Template:Sfn It also reached number 28 in Japan,Template:Sfn 31 in Germany,<ref name="GERchart" /> and 36 in Switzerland.<ref name="SWISSchart" /> The River has since been certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the US, making it one of Springsteen's best-selling albums, and his highest certified studio release after Born in the U.S.A. (1984) and Born to Run.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A black-and-white photograph of a man holding a microphone

Springsteen performing in Norway on The River Tour in 1981.

"Hungry Heart" was released four days after the album on October 21, 1980,Template:Sfn as the first single from The River, with "Held Up Without a Gun" as the B-side.Template:Sfn It became Springsteen's first Billboard Hot 100 top ten hit single, reaching number five,Template:Sfn<ref name="billboard2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> eventually selling five million copies.Template:Sfn In the UK, it reached number 44.Template:Sfn "Fade Away" appeared as the second single in North America, Australia, and New ZealandTemplate:Sfn on January 22, 1981,Template:Sfn with "Be True" as the B-side.Template:Sfn It reached number 20 in the US.<ref name="billboard2"/> "Sherry Darling", backed by "Be True", appeared in February,Template:Sfn followed by "The River", backed by "Independence Day", in AprilTemplate:Sfn in Europe and Australia only.Template:Sfn It hit number 35 in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "The River" was also nominated for Best Rock Vocal Performance at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards in 1982.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Cadillac Ranch", backed by "Wreck on the Highway", appeared as the next single in August 1981 in the UK only.Template:Sfn Additional singles released in 1981 included "I Wanna Marry You", backed by "Be True", in Japan only,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and "Point Blank", backed by "Ramrod", in the UK only.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Springsteen and the E Street Band supported The River on the River Tour, which ran 140 shows.Template:Sfn The North American leg ran from October 3, 1980, to March 5, 1981.Template:Sfn The band performed songs across Springsteen's career, as well as outtakes and numerous one-off covers,Template:Sfn although Springsteen typically focused on The RiverTemplate:'s material. When asked by interviewers about the focus on new material, Springsteen said he wanted to play the new songs live and "[had] very little to do anymore with my first two, even three LPs".Template:Sfn The shows themselves featured upwards of thirty songs and lasted over three hours in length.Template:Sfn During a filmed show in Tempe, Arizona, in early November,Template:Sfn Springsteen, who had remained politically conscious up to that point, made a rare political statement about the election of Ronald Reagan that occurred the day before.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He later said his first trip to Europe led him to "step out of the United States and look back with a critical eye".Template:Sfn Soon after, Springsteen began performing covers of songs that added social commentary to the shows, such as Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" (1945) and Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Who'll Stop the Rain" (1970).Template:Sfn A European tour ran from April to June 1981,Template:Sfn followed by a final American leg from July to September,Template:Sfn which opened with six sold-out shows at the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey.Template:Sfn

Critical reception

The River was greeted with the widest range of critical reviews of Springsteen's career up to that point.Template:Sfn Among positive reviews, the album was hailed as his best work to date,Template:Sfn one of the year's best records,<ref name="LloydPI" /> and a "rock & roll milestone",<ref name="NelsonRS">Template:Cite magazine</ref> offering "a full, panoramic screen of rock at its most glorious and passionate".<ref name="HewittMM" /> It was described as a summary and extension of Springsteen's records up to that point,<ref name="SutherlandHF" /> creating an album that encapsulates what Springsteen is about.<ref name="HewittMM" /> In the Los Angeles Times, Steve Pond said The River has as strong a "cumulative impact" as Born to Run, and commended the record for successfully capturing the "gut-level punch and immediacy" of Springsteen's live performances.<ref name="PondLA" />

Several critics highlighted the expanded lyrical themes from previous albums.<ref name="LloydPI" /><ref name="SutherlandHF" /><ref name="PondLA" /> Stephen Holden referred to The River as "Springsteen's dictionary, encyclopedia, and bible of rock and roll", arguing that its "lighter moments" give it the edge over Springsteen's earlier albums.Template:Sfn Rolling StoneTemplate:'s Paul Nelson said the record possesses "weighty conclusions, words to live by" regarding "the second acts of American lives", conclusions "filled with an uncommon common sense and intelligence that could only have come from an exceptionally warmhearted but wary graduate of the street of hard knocks".<ref name="NelsonRS" /> In Melody Maker, Paolo Hewitt compared listening to The River to "taking a trip through the rock 'n' roll heartland as you've never experienced it".<ref name="HewittMM" /> Springsteen's vocal performances<ref name="SutherlandHF" /><ref name="SmashHits" /> and the musical performances of the E Street Band were also praised;<ref name="HewittMM" /><ref name="PalmerNYT" /><ref name="SmashHits" /><ref name="SutcliffeSounds" /> High FidelityTemplate:'s Sam Sutherland said the album "captur[es] both the skeletal power and impressionistic delicacy [the E Street] members have mastered in their years together".<ref name="SutherlandHF" />

More negatively, some believed Springsteen was recycling old material and had lost his "creative edge".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In The New York Times, Robert Palmer said the album could have used trimming due to most of the tracks having similar tones and details throughout, on top of featuring similar themes and styles as Born to Run and Darkness.<ref name="PalmerNYT">Template:Cite news</ref> Writing for Trouser Press, Ira Robbins ridiculed the album for having repetitive lyrical themes, a "party atmosphere", poor vocals and "flawed" lyrics, equating to a "water-treading exercise" record that "neither upholds his standards of excellence nor explores any new avenues".<ref name="Robbins">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In a very negative review for NME, Julie Burchill said The River is "great music for people who've wasted their youth to sit around drinking beer and [are] wasting the rest of their lives too".Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn

Rolling Stone ranked The River the year's best album, Springsteen the best artist and singer, and "Hungry Heart" the best single.Template:Sfn It was also voted the second-best album of 1980 in The Village VoiceTemplate:'s annual Pazz & Jop poll, behind the Clash's London Calling. In an accompanying essay, the poll's supervisor Robert Christgau wrote: "All the standard objections apply—his beat is still clunky, his singing overwrought...but his writing is at a peak, and he's grown into a bitter empathy. These are the wages of young romantic love among those who get paid by the hour."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite NMETemplate:'s negative review, the publication ranked The River the 12th best album of the year in their end-of-year list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

In the context of Springsteen's career, The River was a stepping stone between Darkness on the Edge of Town and Nebraska,<ref name="Petrusich" /> a minimalist, folk-inspired solo effort released in September 1982.Template:Sfn Springsteen recorded the songs as demo recordings at his newly rented home in Colts Neck, New Jersey, between December 1981 and January 1982, intending to re-record them with the E Street Band, but after poor test sessions he decided to release the recordings as is.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Sfn The album chronicled dark hardships felt by everyday blue-collar workers, as well as bleak tales of criminals, law enforcement officers, and gang wars.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Several songs on The River foreshadowed the direction Springsteen took for Nebraska,<ref name="CRReview" />Template:Sfn including "Stolen Car", "The River", and "Wreck On the Highway".Template:Sfn The River also influenced the writing of Springsteen's 1987 album Tunnel of Love.<ref name="CRReview" />

According to Margotin and Guesdon, The River, as a trilogy with Born to Run and Darkness on the Edge of Town, elevated Springsteen as a seminal chronicler of 1970s America, as Bob Dylan had done in the 1960s with Bringing It All Back Home (1965), Highway 61 Revisited (1965), and Blonde on Blonde (1966).Template:Sfn The authors call The River an essential Springsteen record and one that is as revered as other double albums such as Blonde on Blonde, the Beatles' The Beatles (1968), the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main St. (1972), and Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life (1976).Template:Sfn In 1987, The New York TimesTemplate:'s Jon Pareles cited The River as the beginning of 1980s heartland rock.<ref name="Pareles">Template:Cite web</ref>

Retrospective reviews

In later decades, commentators consider The River one of Springsteen's finest works.Template:Efn Critics have praised the album's track sequencing,<ref name="SpinBest" /><ref name="PasteTies">Template:Cite web</ref> Springsteen's songwriting,<ref name="Deming" /> and growing maturity.<ref name="RSTies">Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Sfn Mark Guarino of The Guardian wrote that although the album examines themes Springsteen had touched on before and since its release, The River is unique in that "it takes its time to explore the highs and lows of growing pains, as adolescence wrestles its way into adulthood".<ref name="Guarino">Template:Cite web</ref> GrantlandTemplate:'s Steven Hyden said that, despite being overshadowed by the records that surround it in Springsteen's discography, The River is "the most representative of his entire body of work".<ref name="HydenGrantland">Template:Cite web</ref> Critics have also praised the performances of the E Street Band,<ref name="Deming" /> and the contributions of Van Zandt.<ref name="UCR" /><ref name="UpRBest" /><ref name="PasteTies" /> Several agreed the album successfully captured the band's force as a live act.<ref name="Deming" /><ref name="UCR" />

Most critics remain divided on The RiverTemplate:'s consistency,Template:Efn with several agreeing that it feels like two separate albums.Template:Sfn<ref name="GuardBest" /><ref name="HydenGrantland" /> Writing for AllMusic, Mark Deming found the first half stronger than the second, which contains songs that work well as standalone tracks rather than a cohesive whole.<ref name="Deming" /> BillboardTemplate:'s Kenneth Partridge argued that the album would have been "more consistent" as a single LP, but as it stands, The River is "a summation of everywhere [Springsteen] had been and an indication he wasn't content to spin his wheels".<ref name="Partridge" /> Other critics described the album as "sprawling"<ref name="Paste80s">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="LATimesRiverTour2016" /> and noted the presence of filler songs,<ref name="UpRBest" /> although Dave Lifton of Ultimate Classic Rock argued the record's length "works to its advantage" as the combination of "fluff" and "more thoughtful" material "helps define Springsteen's ultimate philosophy: The world can be cold and unfair, but that doesn’t mean you can't let loose and dance through it."<ref name="UCR" /> Stephen Thomas Erlewine also felt the "throwaways" gave the LP "cinematic scope",<ref name="PFTies">Template:Cite web</ref> while Gillian G. Gaar stated the "mixture of joy and pain" gave The River "its richness and depth".Template:Sfn

Rankings

The River has appeared on best-of lists. In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked it at number 250 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> then was re-ranked at number 253 in the 2012 revised list.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The following year, NME ranked it at number 484 in a similar list.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020 lists compiling the best albums of 1980, Paste placed it at number two, behind Talking Heads' Remain in Light,<ref name="Paste80s" /> while Rolling Stone put it at number eight.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Paste also ranked The River the 29th best album of the 1980s in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The album also appeared in a list of the 100 best rock albums of the 1980s by Ultimate Classic Rock in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Reissues

The River was first released on CD in 1988.<ref name="NORchart" /> This was followed by additional CD reissues by Sony BMG in 2003 and 2008.<ref name="NORchart" /> On December 4, 2015, The River was reissued as an expanded box set in celebration of the album's 35th anniversary. Titled The Ties That Bind: The River Collection, the set includes four CDs, three DVDs, and a coffee table book.<ref name="Petrusich" /> The first two CDs feature a newly remastered version of The River and the third contains the previously unreleased The Ties That Bind single LP. The fourth CD collects 22 outtakes from The River sessions, including 12 previously unreleased ones and ones that had appeared on Tracks in 1998 and the bonus disc of The Essential Bruce Springsteen in 2003.<ref name="CoSTies" /><ref name="ExclaimTies" /><ref name="PFTies" /><ref name="UCRTies">Template:Cite web</ref> Some previously released songs, including "Stolen Car" and "You Can Look (But You Better Not Touch)", appeared in different versions.<ref name="TiesAM" /> The DVDs feature a documentary on the album's making,Template:Sfn as well as a concert film of Springsteen and the E Street Band performing in Tempe, Arizona, during the River Tour in 1980.<ref name="CoSTies" /> The Ties That Bind was critically acclaimed.<ref name="TiesAM" /><ref name="RSTies" />

To celebrate the release of The Ties That Bind and The RiverTemplate:'s 35th anniversary,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Springsteen and the E Street Band embarked on the River Tour<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> from January 2016 to February 2017, performing in North America, Europe, and Oceania.<ref name="Oceania">Template:Cite web</ref> Many of the shows featured The River performed in its entirety, and other songs from Springsteen's career.<ref name="LATimesRiverTour2016">Template:Cite web</ref>

Track listing

All tracks are written by Bruce Springsteen.<ref name="liner notes">Template:Cite AV media notes</ref>

Personnel

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes, except where noted:<ref name="liner notes" />

• Bruce Springsteen – vocals, electric 6- and 12-string guitars, harmonica, piano on "Drive All Night"

The E Street Band

• Roy Bittan – piano, organ on "I'm a Rocker" and "Drive All Night", background vocals
• Clarence Clemons – saxophone, percussion, background vocals
• Danny Federici – organ; glockenspiel on "Hungry Heart"Template:Sfn
• Garry Tallent – bass guitar
• Steve Van Zandt – acoustic and electric guitars, lead guitar on "Crush on You", harmony vocals, background vocals
• Max Weinberg – drums

Additional vocals

• Flo & Eddie (Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman) – background vocals on "Hungry Heart"

Technical

• Bruce Springsteen, Jon Landau, Steven Van Zandt – production
• Neil Dorfsman – engineer
• Chuck Plotkin, Toby Scott – mixing
• Jeff Hendrickson, Garry Rindfuss, Dana Bisbee, Raymond Willhard, James Farber – engineering assistants
• Jim Bauerlein – digital operator
• Ken Perry – mastering
• Jimmy Iovine – engineer on "Drive All Night"
• Bob Clearmountain – engineer on "The Ties That Bind", mixing on "Hungry Heart"
• Jimmy Wachtel – art direction and design, photography
• Frank Stefanko – cover photography, other photography
• Joel Bernstein, Amanda Flick, David Gahr, Barry Goldenberg – photography

Charts

Weekly charts

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chart

1980–81 weekly charts for The River

Chart (1980–81)	Peak position
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)Template:Sfn	8
French Albums (SNEP)<ref name="FRAchart">Template:Cite webNote: user must select 'Bruce SPRINGSTEEN' from drop-down</ref>	3
Japanese Oricon LPs ChartTemplate:Sfn	28
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)Template:Sfn	5
US Billboard Top LPs & Tape<ref name="USchart">Template:Cite magazine</ref>	1

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chart

2015–16 weekly charts for The River

Chart (2015–16)	Peak position

Year-end charts

1980 year-end charts for The River

Chart (1980)	Position
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)Template:Sfn	63
Canadian Albums (RPM)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	40
Dutch Albums Chart<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	100
French Albums Chart<ref name="frayearend">Template:Cite web</ref>	4
UK Albums Chart<ref name="UKYearEnd">Template:Cite web</ref>	57

1981 year-end charts for The River

Chart (1981)	Position
Canadian Albums (RPM)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	24
Dutch Albums Chart<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	27
UK Albums Chart<ref name="UKYearEnd" />	45
US Billboard Year-End<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>	10

1985 year-end charts for The River

Chart (1985)	Position
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	35

References

Sources

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External links

• Album lyrics and audio samples
• Template:Discogs master