Theresa Laʻanui
Template:Infobox royalty Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui (May 1, 1860 – January 5, 1944) was a descendant of Kalokuokamaile, the eldest brother of Kamehameha I. She was a member of the House of Laʻanui, a collateral branch of the House of Kamehameha.
Birth and early life
Theresa was born on May 1, 1860, in Honolulu. She was born of high aliʻi descent, through her father, [[Gideon Kailipalaki Laanui|Gideon Kailipalaki LaTemplate:Okinaanui]], a brother of [[Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau|Elizabeth KekaTemplate:Okinaaniau]] who attended the Chiefs Children's School and was deemed eligible to the throne by King Kamehameha III. Her mother was Elizabeth Kamaikaopa, said to be a great-granddaughter of Keohokalole,<ref name=":0">Template:Closed access Template:Cite news</ref> the mother of Liliuokalani. She was a member of the [[House of Laanui|House of LaTemplate:Okinaanui]], a collateral branch of the House of Kamehameha. Her children (except her daughters by Cartwright) and male-line descendants belong paternally to the Wilcox family.
As a child, Theresa grew up during the royal court of Kamehameha V and would often go to the palace to make leis for the king. She was married four times, although she only had children from her first and second marriages. She was one-eighth French by her great-grandfather Jean Baptiste Rives, who had twin daughters both being hanai at birth by Kaahumanu.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One daughter was given the name Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie, Theresa's grandmother whom she was named after. The rest she was of pure Hawaiian descent. After her parents died in 1871, she was adopted by her aunt Elizabeth KekaTemplate:Okinaaniau Pratt.
Marriage and children
She married Alexander Joy Cartwright III, son of Honolulu businessman and baseball pioneer Alexander Cartwright II on April 23, 1878. She was married under the name Theresa Owana Rives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="marry">Template:Hawaiian Dictionaries</ref> By this marriage she had two or three daughters, an unnamed daughter born in 1879,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright (1881–1948)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Daisy Emmalani Napulahaokalani Cartwright (1885–1957)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn They divorced on April 5, 1883, and he eventually moved to San Francisco and married Susan Florence McDonald.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Her second marriage was on August 20, 1896<ref name="marry"/> to Robert William Kalanihiapo Wilcox (1855–1903), a military leader who King Kalakaua sent to Italy at the Royal Military Academy in Turin and lead an unsuccessful attempt to restore Queen Lili`uokalani back to the throne. He then became a popular politician and was elected as the first U.S. Territory of Hawai`i Delegate to Congress. By this marriage she had a son, Robert Kalanikupuapaikalaninui Keōua Wilcox (1893–1934) and two daughters, Virginia Kahoa KaTemplate:Okinaahumanu Kaihikapumahana Wilcox (1895–1954) and Elizabeth KaTemplate:Okinaakaualaninui Wilcox who was born January 2, 1898, and died young November 24, 1898.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
First Lady, politics and business
Theresa and Robert Wilcox owned and operated two Hawaiian newspapers, the Liberal and the Home Rula Repubalika, which were written in both the Hawaiian language and English.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Their Newspaper was an opposition to the oligarchy's newspaper the Hawaiian Gazette which was run by Alatau Atkinson, William Richards Castle, William Owen Smith, Sandford Dole and Lorrin Thurston, and they were the conspirators who overthrew Queen Lili`uokalani. The Gazette later merged with the Advertiser, combining the voice of their occupied government as their newspaper was a mechanism to promote their regime through journalism. Their oligarchy newspaper promoted an "all white" territorial government of Hawai`i while the Wilcox's newspaper promoted the voting rights for Hawaiians to be restored.<ref name=":1" /> The Wilcox's husband and wife team became a thorn in the side of the oligarchs, as Theresa and her aunt had a claim for the ceded crown lands which was held in control under the new regime and because of Roberts counter revolution against them to restore the queen, then with the publishing of the Home Rula Repubalika, the Wilcox's were definitely considered a threat.<ref name=":1" /> Victory came in the year 1900 when Theresa's husband Robert Wilcox was supported by many Hawaiians and they voted for him to be the first U.S. Territory of Hawai`i Delegate to Congress. This was considered a major win for Hawaiians since all other attempts to restore the monarchy had failed.<ref name=":1" />
Because of her relation to the royal family, she was famously known by many as Princess Theresa. She was received at the White House during Wilcox's term from 1900 to 1903 and attended the Inauguration of U.S. President McKinley as well as the Inauguration Ball where she met McKinley and his wife.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> She had left the ball with U.S. vice president, Theodore Roosevelt to get something to eat because the snacks of sherbet and punch was to slim for her Hawaiian appetite.<ref name=":2" /> After the death of her husband Robert Wilcox in 1903, she remained active in Hawai`i politics and made national news,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> she was called upon by many, such as Queen Dowager Margherita of Savoy,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Chinese Consul, Chang Tso Fan during a reception on New Years Day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She was a master in coordinating luau's for events <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and political parties some attended by Liliuokalani,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> she was known for her large luau's at her Kaimuki home which was called "Luauville" because of it. She started her own Pa'u riding club and a hula entertainment business.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Queen Liliʻuokalani's alleged forged will and conspiracies
When Queen Liliʻuokalani died on November 11, 1917, two controversial wills of her estate were being presented for probate,<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> the first one, a trust deed which was executed on December 2, 1909, was already in litigation for several years by Prince Kuhio.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> He filed a lawsuit against the trustees on November 30, 1915, for an annulment of the 1909 trust deed as being a result of a conspiracy on the part of Curtis Iaukea and John Aimoku Dominis.<ref name=":4" /> The other presented will dated on August 29, 1917, caused much debate of who would have immediate authority over Lili`uokalani's funeral services and her estate.<ref name=":3" /> The appointed trustees of the 1909 trust deed and Kuhio both objected to the second presented will of 1917, saying they would contest it.<ref name="auto1">Template:Cite news</ref> The 1917 will, said to be Lili`uokalani's last will and testament, divided her estate to Theresa and her two children, Elizabeth Keka`aniau, Prince David Kawananakoa and children, Aimoku Dominis and children, Fred Iaukea, Mrs Huchison, Curtis Iaukea, Mrs Lahilahi Webb, Mrs. Waikiki Heleluhe and daughter, Mrs. Kahae Aea, Mrs. Kahanuʻu Meek, Mrs Mary Auld, Mrs. Lilia Auld, Mrs. Laura Puhiula, Mrs. Kaahawelani and children, Mrs. Paakai Ulaula Bush and children, Mrs. Chas Guilick, Mrs. Ellen Dwight, Mrs. Anaole, Saint Andrews Cathedral, Leahi Home, Board of Health, Leper Colony Settlement, Lili`uokalani School, Wainee Church, Mrs. Hakanoaloha Mana, Mrs. Jennie Clark and Fred Beckley, (Presented at 840 a.m. November 19, 1917, clerks office), (#1142 Received and filed in the Supreme Court, Nov. 11, 1918, Robert Parker Jr., assistant clerk), Hawai`i State Archives.<ref name="auto1"/>
Theresa claimed that the queen signed the will on August 29, 1917, in the presence of herself and two witnesses who were named on the will as James Kealoha and Kamakaia. John F Colburn, former manager and treasurer of Kapiolani's estate was the executor of the will,<ref name=":3"/> his lawyers brought in the witnesses to interrogate and examine them in separate rooms. The witnesses signed sworn affidavits under oath that they witnessed the queen signing the will, describing it in great detail and they were found to be telling the truth.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> Soon after, Kamakaia was paid a large sum of money ($900.00) by an unknown foreigner and suddenly changed his story and said he lied and that the queen did not sign the will.<ref name=":5" /> He said that Theresa told him what to say in exchange of a church and that god told him to tell the truth.<ref name=":5" /> After changing his statement, Theresa was being accused of forging the will, Theresa claimed that "they must have got to him" and that he is lying.<ref name=":5" /> The will was immediately withdrawn, but a conviction was needed to prevent it from ever surfacing again in probate.<ref name=":5" /> Theresa was then prosecuted by the Territorial Court for conspiracy of forgery and Kamakaia was to be the key witness for the prosecution.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite news</ref> Theresa pleaded not guilty <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in her defense, she claimed that "it was all a cover up" by her enemies and that the queen did not trust them.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref> She further stated that upon Prince Kuhio's lawsuit against the trustees, the queen had asked to prepare another will so she may leave something for her and her children since they were related.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was stated that Iaukea said the queen wanted to execute a new will and she had already started drafting one in July.<ref name="auto"/> But Theresa was found guilty and in 1918, she was sentenced to three years of hard labor in prison for conspiracy in the first degree along with James Kealoha. Her sentence was commuted in June 1922, and she was released on parole from the territorial prison by Governor McCarthy. Her full civil rights were restored by Governor Farrington in his Christmas pardons in 1923.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She continued to maintain her innocence throughout her life.<ref name=":7" />
Queen Liliuokalani's estate, next of kin claimants
Four other court cases surrounded Kuhio's lawsuit to dissolve Liliuokalani's trust and claim next of kin to the queen's estate. One was Theresa, the other three claimants were John Colburn, representing the Kawananakoa minors, Emma Defries and Mrs. Keawe Nawahie.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Theresa claimed next of kin as a great-granddaughter of Keohokālole, Liliuokalani's mother, through her own mother Kamaikaopa. Theresa claimed that Keohokalole had four husbands, Kumimeheua was the first husband and Kapaakea the second. Kauahaka was the issue of Keohokalole and Kumimeheua. Kauahaka had a husband by the name of Kaukahele and born was Kamaikaopa who married Gideon Kailipalaki La`anui and had Theresa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Her aunt, Elizabeth Keka`aniau testified in court that it was true along with other testimony from her mother's sister and by elder Hawaiians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> But without further sufficient evidence, the claim was dismissed by the Territorial Supreme Court.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The other three claimants, John Colburn, for the Kawananakoa minors was ruled against and dropped out of court,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":6" /> Emma Defries and Mrs. Keawe Nawahie, were all dismissed by the Territorial Supreme Court for insufficient evidence as well.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The trustees of Lili`uokalani's estate sued all three Theresa, Emma Defries and Nawahie, demanding to be re-reimbursed for court costs (First Judicial Circuit Court Territory of Hawaii, Filed April 2, 1919, Hawaii State Archives). Kuhio's case was settled out-of-court, in exchange of Kuhio dropping the suit, he was awarded the fee simple ownership of Kealohilani property and all his legal expenses were paid by the trustees, Washington Place was to be sold to the Territorial government.<ref name=":6" />
Both the 1917 alleged forged will and the lawsuit of Prince Kuhio against the Lili`uokalani's trustees, delayed the distribution of the queen's estate up to six years. Lili`uokalani's 1909 trust deed was finally admitted to probate in 1923, The lawyer who recommended, drafted and assisted Liliuokalani to establish the trust was William O. Smith (one of the conspirators of the overthrow who drafted the "Bayonet Constitution") he was also one the trustees for her estate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Later life
In 1923, After Delegate Kuhio died, his widow received a pension from the U.S. Territory, Theresa claimed and petitioned to receive a pension also, stating that she was entitled as well because she was the widow of the first Delegate to Congress. Lorrin Thurston, agreed to her plead and represented her case with an article in his newspaper, the Advertiser. In support of her claim, he said that Theresa and Kuhio were both equal to the throne and that Theresa was a victim of circumstance and now she is in need of financial help as a widow of a delegate. The Territory agreed and Theresa received her monthly pension.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1936, Theresa's status as a member of the Kamehameha dynasty was called upon by Postmaster Wilson. The Postmaster received a postcard addressed to Kamehameha and did not know what to do with it, so he called on Princess Theresa to legally open the envelope. It was a request from a stamp collector in Pennsylvania asking to receive the new Kamehameha stamp.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When the new Kamehameha stamps were issued, it broke national records in sales and 1000 stamps were endorsed by Princess Theresa. While endorsing the stamps, she wore her shell bracelet from Queen Ka`ahumanu and a brooch from Queen Emma in honor of the Kamehameha Dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1942, a huge luau was given for her birthday, some of the events were sponsored on the part of Mayor Petrie, endorsing the Royal Hawaiian Band to serenade her at her house on 7th avenue in Kaimuki where the celebration was held. Many friends and relatives called on her throughout the day and enjoyed the luau. The second grade students from Iolani School came to present her with leis. She was assisted by her daughters Eva Cartwright, Virginia Kapu Miller and her grand daughter, Helena Salazar, also her great-granddaughter, Victoria Kamamalu Shaw greeted the guests.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Death and claims
On February 10, 1909, Theresa married Lewis R. Belliveau.<ref>Template:Hawaiian Dictionaries</ref> and on January 16, 1922, she married John G. Kelly.,<ref>Template:Hawaiian Dictionaries</ref> divorcing both. She continued throughout her life to stake claims for the restoration of the monarchy and inheritance of the crown lands that were being held and used by the Territory of Hawaii. In her life story published in 1936, she claimed she may have been queen and that someday she would restore the rights of Hawaiians to their land. If she was awarded inheritance of the crown lands of Hawaii, she would give each family beach front to catch fish and lobster and gather seaweed, and a mountain property to raise pigs, chickens and taro, also building free schools and free hospitals in every district, all anybody could need and want.<ref name=":7" /> Today, her family continues to carry on her claims.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Theresa Owana Ka`ohelelani died on January 5, 1944, at The Queen's Hospital and was buried at the Puea Cemetery in Kalihi.,<ref name="Death" /> but was later removed and cremated.
Family tree
Template:Wilcox Hawaii family tree