Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Cosmology

The following is a timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure of the universe.

Pre-20th century

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="obspm2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in his Book of Fixed Stars, and which are the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be recorded.

  • 11th century – Al-Biruni, another Persian astronomer, describes the Milky Way galaxy as a collection of fragments of numerous nebulous stars.<ref>Template:MacTutor Biography</ref>
  • 11th century – Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), an Arabian astronomer, refutes Aristotle's theory on the Milky Way by making the first attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and he thus "determined that because the Milky Way had no parallax, it was very remote from the Earth and did not belong to the atmosphere".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1610 – Galileo Galilei uses a telescope to determine that the bright band on the sky, the "Milky Way", is composed of many faint stars.
  • 1612 – Simon Marius using a moderate telescope observes Andromeda and describes as a "flame seen through horn".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 1750 – Thomas Wright discusses galaxies and the flattened shape of the Milky Way and speculates nebulae as separate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • 1755 – Immanuel Kant drawing on Wright's work conjectures that our galaxy is a rotating disk of stars held together by gravity, and that the nebulae are separate such galaxies; he calls them Island Universes.
  • 1774 – Charles Messier releases a preliminary list of 45 Messier objects, three of which turn out to be the galaxies including Andromeda and Triangulum. By 1781 the final published list grows to 103 objects, 34 of which turn out to be galaxies.
  • 1785 – William Herschel carried the first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun in it by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the galaxy with the Solar System close to the center.
  • 1845 – Lord Rosse discovers a nebula with a distinct spiral shape.

Early 20th century

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mid-20th century

Late 20th century

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }}

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 2000 – Data from several cosmic microwave background experiments give strong evidence that the Universe is "flat" (space is not curved, although space-time is), with important implications for the formation of large-scale structure.

Early 21st century

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=conundrum>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Nature-2014-09-03>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT-20140903">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="SandT-2014-09-03">Template:Cite news</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Cite journal </ref> If confirmed, it is one of the earliest and most distant known galaxies observed.<ref name="ARX-20220725">Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Galaxy

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Timeline_of_knowledge_about_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large-scale_structure&oldid=39280"