Tobian language

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Tobian (Template:Lang, literally "the language of Tobi") is the language of Tobi, one of the Southwest Islands of Palau, and the main island of Hatohobei state. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken by approximately 150 people, about 22 are native speakers. The speakers are located in either the island of Tobi or in Echang, a hamlet of Koror, the former capital of Palau. Tobian and Sonsorolese are very close, and appear to be gradually merging towards a new dialect called "Echangese".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Earlier in the 20th century, about 1000 people lived on the island. Shortly before and during the First World War, those numbers dropped severely due to an abundance of disease.

Classification

Tobian and the dialects of Sonsorol, Merir, and Pulo Ana, the other inhabited Southwest Islands, are closely related to the languages spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia outer islands of Yap and Chuuk Lagoon. These include Ulithi and the Central Carolines. Altogether, these languages form a sub-group within the Micronesian languages. The names of these dialects are the terms that are commonly used in European terms. Below are the native names as compared to the common names:

Common name	Native name
Sonsorol	Doŋo′sa:ru
Pul, Pulo Ana	Pu:r
Merir	Me′lel
Tobi	Torovei

Tobi is the basis of a local pidgin.<ref>Template:Glottolog</ref>

Examples

• animal = mar
• coconut palm = ruh
• goodbye = sabuho
• language = ramarih
• soldierfish = red

Counting

• one = sewo
• two = huwou
• three = soruo
• four = fauwo

This is only base counting. There are different numerals for a lot of different objects.<ref>Base Counting Words by Isauro Andrew [1] Isauro Andrew</ref>

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels<ref name=":0" />

		Front	Central	Back
High	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:Ns Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Low	Template:Small	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link

"œ" is used rarely and sounds similar to the French "eu" but the lips do not round out at the end of the sound and has critical meaning in words. There is a central low vowel that sounds like the "u" in "but", but it does not have semantic value and it has very rare occurrence.<ref name=":0" />

Diphthongs

There are a lot of diphthongs in Tobian and according to Capell, "several of them are difficult for Europeans".<ref name=":0" />

diphthong	example
äe	Template:Lang	breadfruit
äi	Template:Lang	woman
aḛ	Template:Lang	then
ai	Template:Lang	swordfish
a:i	Template:Lang	forehead decoration
ao̯	Template:Lang	top
au	Template:Lang	needle
a:u	Template:Lang	piece
ei	Template:Lang	agent of action
oʉ	Template:Lang	rather of house
øi	Template:Lang	coconut oil
øʉ	Template:Lang	Palau

Homonyms and near homonyms

Like most other languages, Tobian has examples of homonyms but they are not as abundant. Meanings can vary solely on vowel length. Also small differences in sounds can produce major differences in meanings.<ref name=":0" /> For example, the difference between voiceless (f) and voiced (v) consonants are important but there are many exceptions where it does not affect the meaning.

Template:Lang	1. to chew betelnut	2. a stick used in weaving
Template:Lang	1. a lobster	2. to pull, drag
Template:Lang	1. to excel, precede	2. to shave

Some minimal pairs

Template:Lang	tattooing	Template:Lang	kind of garnish
Template:Lang	coconut leaf	Template:Lang	Palau
Template:Lang	my name	Template:Lang	who?
Template:Lang	thirsty	Template:Lang	new
Template:Lang	tired	Template:IPA	glans penis

Stress and prosody

Tobian utilizes both stress and pitch accents or tones. Compared to the other dialects, it uses less musical tone. It is not a tonal language because the tone does not change the meaning of the word. Although it is not tonal, the speech has a wide variety of tone variations that appear to be emotional rather than linguistic and either show emphasis or other semantic components. Stress accents are used but not as much as English or Russian. In the past, the stress marks would normally be placed on the last syllable of the words. In the present, the stress marks can be placed either on the last syllable or the second to last syllable.

1. Stress on the penultimate (second to last)
2. Stress on the final syllable
3. Stress on the antepenultimate (third to last)
4. Sentence stress
5. Vowel harmony
6. Vowel length
7. Furtive vowels (Slightly heard or silent vowels)

Consonants

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosives	p, b		t, d	c	k, ɡ
Nasals	m		n		ŋ
Fricatives		f, v	s (z), ʂ (ʐ)	j	x, ɣ
Lateral			(l)	(ɫ)
Rolled			r
Continuants	w				(w)

External links

• Tobian language at Friends of Tobi Island
• Open access recordings of Hatohobei word lists, paradigms and narratives are available through Kaipuleohone