Tokugawa Nariaki

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Tokugawa Nariaki (徳川 斉昭, April 4, 1800 – September 29, 1860) was a Japanese daimyō who ruled the Mito Domain (now Ibaraki Prefecture) and contributed to the rise of nationalism and the Meiji Restoration.

Biography

Clan leader

Nariaki was the 3rd son of Tokugawa Harutoshi, the seventh-generation daimyō of Mito. The family headship first passed to Harutoshi's eldest son Narinobu, before being passed on to Nariaki in 1829.<ref>徳川斉昭</ref> Nariaki was also leader of the Jōi (expel the barbarian) party and made a Bakufu adviser on national defence.<ref>McOmie, William The Opening of Japan, 1853–1855 (Folkestone, Global Oriental, 2006), p. 138</ref> His childhood name was Torasaburo (虎三郎) later changed to Keisaburo (敬三郎).

Bakufu official

Nariaki was put in charge of Bakufu efforts to defend the country against encroaching foreigners. His own view was that the bakufu should strengthen its military and fight the foreigners, and was at odds with Ii Naosuke on the issue. He was pro-emperor and favored imperial restoration. Nariaki also greatly expanded the Mitogaku school established by Tokugawa Mitsukuni. He wrote a document entitled "Japan, Reject the Westerners" in 1853. in this document, he stated ten reasons why Japan should stay isolated from the rest of the world. He said that the Japanese people had a choice between war and peace, but clearly to him, the Japanese people should choose war so that Westerners would not intrude into Japan's affairs.

Despite his resistance to Westernization, Nariaki was significantly influenced by the Kokugaku school.<ref name=Josephson>Template:Cite book</ref> Ōkuni Takamasa, a student of Hirata Atsutane attempted to persuade him to combine ritual with technology in order to protect Japan's borders and expand Japan as an empire. This depended on reinvigorating the Japanese "national spirit".<ref name=Josephson/> Ōkuni and Nariaki therefore laid some foundations for the Meiji restoration as well as the development of State Shinto.<ref name=Josephson/>

Nariaki and Naosuke fought over who would succeed the Shōgun Iesada, with Nariaki championing his son Yoshinobu. Naosuke, who eventually prevailed, favored the Wakayama Domain daimyo Tokugawa Yoshitomi.

Legacy

In 1841, Nariaki built Kairaku-en, a garden whose fame lasts to this day.

Nariaki was placed under house arrest as part of the Ansei Purge 1844<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in favor of his son Yoshiatsu, and died of a heart attack in 1860, at age 60.

Three of the leading figures of the 1860s were in fact natural brothers, all being sons of Nariaki: Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu, who became the 15th and last shōgun as Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1866; Tokugawa Yoshiatsu of Mito; and Ikeda Yoshinori of Inaba (Tottori).<ref>Beasley, William. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. p. 11 n3.</ref>

Family

• Father: Tokugawa Harutoshi
• Mother: Toyama-dono
• Wife: Arisugawa Yoshiko (1804–1893)
  • 1st Son: Tokugawa Yoshiatsu (1832–1868)
  • 2nd Son: Jiromaro (1833–1834)
  • 5th Daughter: Mihime (1835–1835)
  • 7th Son: Tokugawa Yoshinobu
• Concubine: Harigawa-dono
  • 1st Daughter: Masahime (1822–1839)
  • 2nd Daughter: Iromotohime (1825–1826)
  • 3rd Daughter: Iwaihime (1827–1853) married Yamanobe Yoshimasa
• Concubine: Onao no Kata
  • 4th Daughter: Hirohime (1834–1835) b
  • 4th Son: Shiromaro (1835–1836)
  • 7th Daughter: Yohime (1837–1843)
  • 7th Son: Matsudaira Naoyoshi (1839–1862)
  • 8th Daughter: Ichiyohime (1840–1843)
  • Son: Matsudaira Takeakira (1842–1882) of Hamada Domain
  • 13th Son: Yosanmaro (1844–1844)
• Concubine: Sadako
  • 3rd Son: Saburomaro (1835–1837)
  • 6th Daughter: Matsuhime (1836–1903) married Nanbu Toshihisa
  • 5th Son: Ikeda Yoshinari (1837-1877) of Tottori Domain
  • 9th Son: Ikeda Mochimasa (1839-1899) of Okayama Domain
  • 9th Daughter: Takako (1841-1869) married Date Yoshikuni
  • 12th Son: Yonimaro (1844-1844)
• Concubine: Yanagihara-dono
  • 6th Son: Rokuromaro (1837-1838)
• Concubine: Toshiko
  • 12th Daughter: Seihime (1843-1844)
  • 11th son: Kitsuregawa Tsunauji (1844-1874) of Kitsuregawa Domain
• Concubine: Mutsuko
  • 14th Son: Matsudaira Akikuni (1849-1864)
  • 11th Daughter: Tokugawa Sadako (1850-1872) married Prince Arisugawa Taruhito
  • 17th Son: Tsuchiya Shigenao (1854-1904) of Tsuchiura Domain
  • 18th Son: Tokugawa Akitake
  • 20th Son: Tatsumoro (1856-1858)
  • 22nd Son: Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1858-1873) of Moriyama Domain
• Concubine: Tokuko
  • 15th Son: Yogomaro (1849-1849)
  • 16th Son: Matsudaira Tadakazu
  • 12th Daughter: Aihime (1852-1914) married Inoue Masayori
  • 21st Son: Ichimaru (1856–1856)
• Concubine: Michiko
  • 13th Daughter: Hisahime (1853-1853)
• Concubine: Etsuko
  • 19th Son: Matsudaira Nobunori
  • 14th Daughter: Yasuhime (1857-1859)
  • 15th Daughter: Masahime (1858–1873)

Works

Writing by Tokugawa Nariaki

Published posthumously:

• Kōdōkan ki 弘道館記 (1937). Ed. by Meiji Seitoku Kinen Gakkai 明治聖德記念學會. Tokyo: Meiji Seitoku Kinen Gakkai 明治聖德記念學會.
• Meikun ippanshō 明君一斑抄 (1910–1911). Ed. by Kurokawa Mamichi 黒川真道. Tokyo: Dōbunkan 同文館.

Honours

• Senior First Rank (June 27, 1903; posthumous)

See also

• Ansei Purge

References

• Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. Template:ISBN (cloth)]

Further reading

• Kobayashi Kenji 小林健二 (1998). Tokugawa Nariaki to hansharo 徳川斉昭と反射炉. Tokyo: Sōei Shuppan 創栄出版.
• Lambeti, Matthew V. (1968). A political study of Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito, 1800–1860. New York: Columbia University. (microfilm)
• Ōniwa Kunihiko 大庭邦彦 (1997). Chichi yori Yoshinobu dono e: Mito Nariaki Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu ate shokanshū 父より慶喜殿へ: 水戶斉昭一橋慶喜宛書簡集. Tokyo: Shūeisha 集英社.

External links

• Statue of Nariaki