Tom Baker

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Thomas Stewart Baker Template:Post-nominals (born 20 January 1934) is an English actor and writer. He is best known for playing the fourth incarnation of the Doctor in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who from 1974 to 1981, making him the longest-serving actor in the role.

Raised devoutly Catholic in Liverpool, Baker initially sought to become a cleric before turning to acting. He joined the National Theatre company in 1968. Following supporting roles in films such as Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973), he was working part-time on a building site when he was cast as the lead in Doctor Who (1974–1981). Baker, who incorporated his own personality into the Doctor, became highly popular with audiences both in the UK and abroad; his portrayal is often considered the best and most quintessential of the programme's classic series.Template:Efn

Baker appeared in the television series Medics (1992–1995), Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) (2000–2001) and Monarch of the Glen (2004–2005). He moved into voice acting later in his career, providing narration for the comedy series Little Britain (2003–2006) and Little Britain USA (2008). In 2006, his "sonorous" voice was voted the fourth-most recognisable in the UK.

Early life

Thomas Stewart Baker was born in the Scotland Road area of Liverpool on 20 January 1934. Both of his parents were born and raised in Liverpool. His mother, Mary Jane (née Fleming),<ref name=":4" /><ref name=findmypast>Template:Cite web</ref> was a barmaid and cleaner. His father, John Stewart Baker,Template:Efn was a steward in the Merchant Navy largely absent from the family due to being away at sea.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="early">Template:Cite web</ref> Baker was raised by his mother as a devout Catholic.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":2" />

Baker attended St Swithin’s Primary School.<ref name=":4" /> He failed his eleven-plus and subsequently sought a religious career as "a way out" of becoming a labourer.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite interview</ref><ref name="NH">Template:Cite web</ref> At 15 years old, he became a novice religious brother with the Brothers of Ploermel in Jersey and later in Cheswardine Hall, Shropshire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn He left the monastery six years later<ref name=":22" />Template:Sfn due to feelings of guilt<ref name=":2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and ultimately losing his faith in God.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":22" />

He undertook his national service as a medical orderly in the Royal Army Medical Corps,Template:Sfn<ref name=":4" /> serving for two years.<ref name="early" /> He developed an interest in acting by taking part in the medical corps’ amateur dramatics.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn He left the army in 1956 and took up acting, studying at the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama in Sidcup for three years.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Career

1968–1973: Early work

Baker was in his thirties when his professional acting career began and he worked in provincial repertory theatre, which he later recalled as "mostly flops or even disasters".Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His first acting role was as the bear in The Winter’s Tale at Assembly Hall, Edinburgh, in 1966.<ref name=":9" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker had his first break whilst performing in a late-night pub revue for the 1968 York Festival. His performance was seen by a scout with the Royal National Theatre who encouraged him to audition for the company. Following a successful audition for Laurence Olivier, Baker was given small parts and understudied.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn One of his bigger roles was the horse RocinanteTemplate:Sfn in The Travails of Sancho Panza, directed by Joan Plowright. This led Olivier to cast Baker as the Prince of Morocco in The Merchant of Venice.<ref name=":10" /> Other productions included The National Health and A Woman Killed with Kindness.Template:Sfn

His stage work led to work on television, where he gained small parts in series such as Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, Market in Honey Lane and Softly, Softly.Template:Sfn He played Dr Ahmed el Kabir in the BBC’s 1972 Play of the Month production of The Millionairess, directed by Bill Slater and starring Maggie Smith.<ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn Baker's National Theatre contract ended in 1971.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He continued to appear in theatre productions, with a role in The Novelist at Hampstead and as the lead in Macbeth at the Shaw Theatre, London.Template:Sfn Due to Baker's role as a Russian in The Idiot, Olivier suggested Baker to Sam Spiegel for the part of Grigori Rasputin in Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), his first major film role.<ref name=":10" />Template:Sfn He was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards for his performance, one for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and another for Best Newcomer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker appeared as a tortured artist in The Vault of Horror (1973) and as the villainous sorcerer Koura in Ray Harryhausen's The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973). He also appeared in Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1972 film version of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref>

1974–1981: Doctor Who

Baker at Whovent '86 in Washington, D.C.

Baker worked on a building site between acting jobs, which earned him the nickname "Sir Laurence" from his workmates.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> He had expected to work on three films in 1974 (Isabella of Spain, Three Men Went to War and Jackson's War), but they had all collapsed by late 1973.Template:Sfn Anxious at his career prospects,<ref name=":7">Template:Cite journal</ref> on 3 February 1974 he wrote a letter to The Millionairess director Bill Slater (incoming BBC Head of Serials) asking for acting work. Slater recommended Baker to Doctor Who producer Barry Letts, who was seeking a successor to Third Doctor actor Jon Pertwee.<ref name=":6" />Template:Sfn Letts and script editor Terrance Dicks were impressed by Baker's performance in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad, and following a meeting with Baker in the BBC bar, the actor was quickly cast as the Fourth Doctor.Template:Sfn Baker's casting was announced to the press on 15 February; he made his first appearance as the Doctor in the closing moments of Planet of the Spiders on 8 June.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Baker's casting resulted in a wave of new acting offers. Even before recording his first season as the Doctor, he was cast in the television film The Author of Beltraffio (1974), directed by Tony Scott.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The same year he played the title role in The Trials of Oscar Wilde at the Oxford Festival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Although Baker had little idea of how he would play his version of the Doctor when cast,<ref name="digital spy">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":7" /> he quickly made the part his own, highlighting the character's eccentricity and alien qualities.<ref name=sladen>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn Baker incorporated much of his own personality into the Doctor'sTemplate:Sfn<ref>"Tom Baker Interview." BBC News. BBC. London, 23 November 2013. Television. "I thought... this guy seems a little bit like Tom Baker, and so I played it like Tom Baker..."</ref><ref name="lyons" /> and frequently made comedic scripting suggestions and ad-libs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His trademark look of wearing a floppy hat and long multi-coloured scarf, as well as his deep voice, made him an immediately recognisable figure.Template:Sfn<ref name="Masters">Template:Cite news</ref> Audience-viewing figures for his first few years returned to a level not seen since the height of "Dalekmania" a decade earlier.Template:Sfn<ref name="lyons">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker relished his status as a children's hero,<ref name=":3" /> preferring to be the Doctor than to return to his "tangled" private life.<ref>Template:Cite interview</ref> He avoided smoking or swearing in public out of awareness that the Doctor was considered a role model for children.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

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Under new producer Philip Hinchcliffe and script editor Robert Holmes, the series gained a gothic tone influenced by Hammer Horror films and was aimed "a bit more to the adults in the audience".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of the stories from Baker's early seasons are considered classics, such as The Ark in Space (1975), Genesis of the Daleks (1975), The Brain of Morbius (1976), The Deadly Assassin (1976) and The Robots of Death (1977).<ref name="Masters" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Baker has named Hinchcliffe's tenure as his favourite period of the series,<ref name="digital spy" /> but the series' violent tone came under heavy criticism from conservative activist Mary Whitehouse.<ref name="lyons" /> Hinchcliffe was replaced by Graham Williams,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the series' tone was lightened.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Williams attempted to rein Baker in, but he was ultimately forced to accept the actor's growing influence over the programme.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Baker played the Doctor for seven consecutive seasons, making him the longest-serving actor in the part. His incarnation is often regarded as the most popular and quintessential of the Doctors.Template:Sfn In polls conducted by Doctor Who Magazine, Baker was voted "Best Doctor" every year up to 2013, with the exception of losing to incumbents Sylvester McCoy in 1990 and David Tennant in 2006 and 2009.<ref name="best">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="lyons" /> Baker's tenure corresponded with Doctor Who's first broadcasts in the United States, further cementing his popularity among international viewers.<ref name="lyons" /><ref name=":12">Template:Cite magazine</ref> He also became proprietorial over the role of the Doctor and often berated writers and directors whose work he disliked.Template:Sfn<ref>"A Matter of Time". The Ribos Operation. 2007. DVD.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn In 1980, new producer John Nathan-Turner introduced noticeable changes to the series,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> including a new costume for Baker and a larger cast of companions. Baker found Nathan-Turner's approach to the series "unbearable" and decided it was time to depart the role.<ref name="digital spy" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He said in 2014 that he may have stayed in the role for one season too long.<ref name="digital spy" /> Baker announced his departure on 24 October 1980.Template:Sfn Logopolis (1981), the seventh and final serial of season 18, concluded with the Fourth Doctor's regeneration into the Fifth Doctor, played by Peter Davison.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Subsequent appearances

Baker and a Dalek in Trafalgar Square, 1991

Although his predecessors Patrick Troughton and Jon Pertwee reprised their roles for the 20th-anniversary episode "The Five Doctors" (1983), Baker declined as it was not long since he had left. He added that he "didn't want to play 20 per cent of the part" or "fancy being a feed for other Doctors."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A year later he stated "the programme is my past now - it would, I think, have been a mistake to try to turn the clock back".Template:Sfn In 1992 Baker presented the video release The Tom Baker Years, where he looked back on the series by watching short clips from his episodes.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Baker also filmed inserts for the 1992 video release of Shada,<ref name=":5">Template:Cite magazine</ref> a serial which remained half-filmed due to a 1979 BBC strike.<ref name="Southall">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="shadas">Template:Cite web</ref>

In early 1992, Baker expressed willingness to return to the role of the Doctor. Development began on The Dark Dimension, a direct-to-video 30th anniversary special featuring Baker as an older version of the Fourth Doctor who had not regenerated. However it was cancelled on 9 July 1993 for financial and logistical reasons.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":72">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Baker returned to the role for the Children in Need charity special Dimensions in Time (1993), along with every surviving actor who played the Doctor.<ref name=":52">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1997 he reprised the role in an advertising campaign for New Zealand Superannuation Services,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and for the Doctor Who video game Destiny of the Doctors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also narrated various Target novelisations of Doctor Who stories for the BBC.Template:Efn

He made a cameo appearance in the 50th-anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) as a mysterious curator in the National Gallery, implied to be the Doctor's future incarnation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, the cast of Shada reunited to complete the unfilmed scenes via voice-over and animation, with Baker filming one live-action scene.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite news</ref> Baker and James Goss co-wrote the 2019 novel Doctor Who: Scratchman, based on a script Baker and Ian Marter (who played companion Harry Sullivan) wrote for a proposed 1970s Doctor Who film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2025, Baker is the oldest living actor to have played the role.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Audio dramas

In 1976, Baker played the Doctor in two BBC audio dramas, Doctor Who and the Pescatons and the episode "The Time Machine" of Exploration Earth.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> All of Baker's successors (Davison, Colin Baker, McCoy and Paul McGann) had reprised the role in audio dramas since 2001,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but Baker avoided doing so until BBC's Hornets' Nest in 2009. He appeared in two sequels, Demon Quest and Serpent Crest.Template:Sfn In March 2011, it was announced that Baker would return as the Fourth Doctor, alongside his companion Romana (Mary Tamm and Lalla Ward), for two series of audio dramas for Big Finish Productions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> Big Finish also arranged for Baker to record a series with Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith, but Sladen died in April 2011 before any stories could be recorded.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As of 2025, Big Finish has released 14 audio series starring Baker as the Doctor, featuring past co-stars such as Louise Jameson, Matthew Waterhouse and John Leeson.<ref name=":13" /> It was announced in March 2020 that Baker would record "Return of the Cybermen" for Big Finish, an alternative version of the serial Revenge of the Cybermen (1975), with Sadie Miller, Sladen's daughter, cast in the role of Sarah Jane.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2020 Baker returned to the role of the Curator for Big Finish, joining the cast of The Eighth Doctor Adventures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

1982–2003: Return to character acting

Baker struggled with typecasting after leaving Doctor Who, withdrawing to the theatre.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1981, he played Oscar Wilde for a second time on stage in Feasting with Panthers at the Chichester Festival Theatre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref> The same year he appeared in Treasure Island at the National.Template:Sfn He hosted The Book Tower, an ITV children's television series exploring literature.<ref name=":11" />

In 1982, he played Judge Brack in Hedda Gabler, with Susannah York as Hedda, in the West End.<ref name=":8" /> He portrayed Sherlock Holmes in a four-part BBC miniseries adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles, produced by Barry Letts.<ref name="eyles">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn He then played Dr. Frank Bryant in a touring Royal Shakespeare Company production of Educating Rita.<ref name="Jones">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":8" /> He returned to the National Theatre in 1984 to play Mr Hardcastle in She Stoops to Conquer in the Olivier Theatre and on tour. The following year he played both Sherlock Holmes and Moriarty in Hugh Leonard's The Mask of Moriarty at the Gate Theatre in Dublin.<ref name=":8" /> Baker narrated the 1985 science fiction film Enemy Mine.Template:Citation needed He appeared in Blackadder II (1986) as sea captain Redbeard Rum.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1987, he played Inspector Goole in a production of An Inspector Calls.<ref name="NH" />Template:Sfn

Baker in 2010

Baker's autobiography, Who on Earth is Tom Baker? was published in 1997.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He also authored two children's books: Never Wear Your Wellies in the House and Other Poems to Make You Laugh (1981)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and The Boy Who Kicked Pigs (1999).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn

By the early 1990s, Baker's now older appearance led to a reduction in typecasting; additionally he began to be cast by directors who grew up watching him on Doctor Who.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He played Puddleglum, a "marsh-wiggle", in the 1990 BBC adaptation of C. S. Lewis' The Silver Chair.Template:Sfn He was cast as Professor Plum in the 1992 series of the game show Cluedo.Template:Sfn He played the titular "hammy" narrator in the 1992 radio comedy Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World.Template:Sfn Baker narrated the 1990s BBC puppet series Tales of Aesop, based on Aesop's Fables.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker's first long-running role since the Fourth Doctor was as Dr. Hoyt in the hospital drama Medics (1992–1995).Template:Sfn In 1994 he provided the narration for Channel 4's Equinox documentary Rave New World.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> It was rumoured that Baker was a candidate for the role of Gandalf in the Lord of the Rings films; Baker himself stated that he would not have accepted a role which would mean spending months away filming in New Zealand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2000 he appeared as the elf Halvarth in Dungeons & Dragons.<ref name=":162">Template:Cite web</ref> Baker played Wyvern in Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) (2000–2001).Template:Sfn

2003–present: Move into voice acting and Little Britain

Influenced by his role as Lionel Nimrod,Template:Sfn Baker was cast as the narrator of the sketch comedy series Little Britain (2003–2006).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His casting was also influenced by his popularity with creators Matt Lucas and David Walliams, part of the generation for whom he is the favourite Doctor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite AV media</ref> Baker credited Little Britain with "re-inventing" him.<ref>"1 February 2006." Today with Des and Mel. ITV, 2006. Television. Baker at 2:40: "I mean Little Britain has kind of re-invented me."</ref><ref name=":1" /> For the evening of 17 November 2005, to introduce the third television series of Little Britain, Baker read BBC One's continuity announcements in character.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The same year his "sonorous" voice was voted the fourth most recognisable in the UK, after Elizabeth II, Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher.<ref name="Faces of the week">Template:Cite news</ref> Baker later returned to narrate Little Britain's 2019 radio special.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Baker voiced the character Max Bear in the Channel 4 animated series of the same name.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2003 he played a blind priest in the BBC series Strange.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker played the role of the Captain in Challenge's version of Fort Boyard.Template:Sfn He was cast as Donald MacDonald in the sixth and seventh series of Monarch of the Glen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn He voiced the villain ZeeBad in the animated film The Magic Roundabout (2005). The character was redubbed for the US release.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker narrated Global Haywire, a 2006 political documentary by Australian cartoonist Bruce Petty.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In January 2006, BT Group used Baker's voice for their text-to-speech service for landline phones. This required him to record 11,593 phrases, containing every sound in the English language.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name=":17">Template:Cite web</ref> The service returned from 1 December 2006 to 8 January 2007, with two pence from each text going to the charity Shelter. A cover of "You Really Got Me" by the Kinks, sung by Baker's text voice, was released on 18 December with proceeds going to charity.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2007, he voiced Robert Baron in the BBC animated series The Secret Show.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He narrated the children's animated series The Beeps (2007–2008) which was broadcast on Channel 5's Milkshake!Template:Citation needed He also appeared as a guest on the quiz show Have I Got News for You and returned as a guest host in 2008.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was interviewed by his close friend Laurie Taylor for a 2010 episode of the television series In Confidence.Template:Sfn<ref name="NH" /> Baker voiced the Bendu, a powerful Force-sensitive being in the animated series Star Wars Rebels (2016).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Baker signing autographs in 2012

Baker has appeared in various radio productions, including a role as "Britain's most celebrated criminal barrister", Sir Edward Marshall Hall in John Mortimer Presents the Trials of Marshall Hall (1996),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Josiah Bounderby" in Charles Dickens' Hard Times (1998) and a part in the 2001 BBC Radio 4 version of The Thirty-Nine Steps as Sir Walter Bullivant. He guest starred in The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (a pastiche series written by Bert Coules) in the 2002 episode "The Saviour of Cripplegate Square".Template:Citation needed

His voice may be heard at London's Natural History Museum narrating commentary to some of the exhibits that demonstrate Darwin's theory of natural selection. Baker provides narration at two British tourist attractions: the Nemesis roller coaster at Alton Towers, Staffordshire; and the London Dungeon, a museum depicting gory and macabre events in the capital, narrating the events leading up to and comprising the Great Fire of London.Template:Citation needed

His voice has featured in the video games Ecco the Dolphin: Defender of the Future (2000),<ref name="gamesradar.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising (2001),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Warhammer 40,000: Fire Warrior (2003),<ref name="EuroG">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="GSpotPS2">Template:Cite web</ref> Sudeki (2004),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> [[Template:Not a typo: Resurrection]] (2005),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cold Winter (2005)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Little Britain: The Video Game (2007).<ref name="gamesradar.com" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He has also provided vocals for musical artists. He appeared on Technocat's single "Only Human" in 1995.Template:Citation needed He appeared on the alternative rock band Mansun's 1998 album Six.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002 he recorded a monologue for the track "Megamorphosis" for Stephen James' album Andabrek, though it was not released until 2009.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baker provided spoken vocals for character of The Storyteller on Ayreon's 2020 concept album Transitus.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Baker met Anna Wheatcroft (niece of wealthy rose grower Harry Wheatcroft) at Rose Bruford College; they married in 1961 and had two sons.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In his autobiography, Baker recounted that the poor treatment he received from Wheatcroft's family led to him attempting suicide.<ref name=":23"/> The couple separated in 1966.Template:Sfn He lost contact with his sons until a chance meeting with one of them in a New Zealand restaurant led to a reconciliation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":23">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2023, Baker said he was estranged from both of his sons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His son Piers runs The Bath Inn in Sneinton, Nottingham.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 1980, he married Lalla Ward, who co-starred in Doctor Who as his character's companion Romana. They divorced after 16 months.<ref name=":19">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":23" />

Baker married his third wife Sue Jerrard in 1986; they met when she was working as an assistant editor on the Doctor Who serial Horror of Fang Rock (1977). They lived in Boughton Malherbe in Kent, before moving to France in 2003.<ref name=":14" />Template:Sfn The couple sold the property to Vic Reeves, with whom Baker had worked with on Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased).<ref name=":14">Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2006, Baker left France and moved to Royal Tunbridge Wells, before later moving to East Sussex.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Baker has frequently scrutinised organised religion in the media.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He described himself as "sort of Buddhist" in 2001<ref name=":3" /> and "an atheist" in 2004.<ref name="Herald">Template:Cite web</ref> During a 2010 interview with Laurie Taylor, Baker stated that he did not believe in God.Template:Sfn

He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2025 New Year Honours for services to television.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Filmography

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References

Notes

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Bibliography

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