Tom Molineaux
Template:For Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox boxer Thomas Molineaux (March 23, 1784 – August 4, 1818), sometimes spelled Molyneaux or Molyneux, was an American bare-knuckle boxer and possibly a former slave. He spent much of his career in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, where he had notable successes. He arrived in England in 1809 and started his fighting career there in 1810. His two fights against Tom Cribb in 1810 and 1811 widely viewed as the Champion of England, brought Molineaux fame even though he lost both contests. The result of the first encounter was hotly contested, with accusations of a fix. The second match with Cribb, however, was an undisputed loss. His prizefighting career ended in 1815. After a tour that took him to Scotland and Ireland, he died in Galway, Ireland, in 1818 at age 34.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early life
According to some of the chroniclers of 19th-century boxing, Molineaux was born into slavery in the State of Virginia, USA in 1784.<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/><ref name="Thormanby"/> The most detailed account claims that he was born on a plantation and that he took his surname from the owners' name.<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> An earlier writer just states that he came from the United States of America.<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813">Template:Cite book</ref> In one account he boxed with other slaves to entertain plantation owners and was granted his freedom and $500 after winning a fight on which the son of the plantation owner had staked $100,000.<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> Another source claims he was in the service of the one-time American ambassador to London, William Pinkney.<ref name="Thormanby"/> One of his biographers points out that while some of these accounts may be based on truth, they cannot be substantiated and may have been romanticised to some extent.<ref name="Black Genesis">Template:Cite book</ref> After obtaining his freedom, Molineaux was reported to have moved to New York,<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> where he was said to have been involved in "several battles" and had claimed the title "Champion of America".<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> He subsequently emigrated to England where he expected to be able to earn money as a prize fighter.<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Career in Europe
Molineaux found his way to London in 1809 where he made contact with Bill Richmond, another ex-slave-turned-boxer who ran the pub the Horse and Dolphin in Leicester Square, London.<ref name="Fights for the Championship">Template:Cite book</ref> Molineaux's first fight in England occurred at Tothill Fields, Westminster, on July 24, 1810. According to one report, the match was preceded by bull baiting.<ref name="Pancratia">Template:Cite book</ref> Molineaux won the fight, beating Jack Burrows of Bristol in front of a small crowd in 65 minutes.<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> Bill Richmond seconded Molineaux for the fight<ref name="Pugilistica">Template:Cite book</ref> and Tom Cribb seconded Burrows.<ref name="Pancratia"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Molineaux's second fight in England was against Tom Blake, whose nickname was "Tom Tough".<ref name="Fights for the Championship"/> The fight took place at Epple Bay near Margate on August 21, 1810, the American ending up victorious after eight rounds<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> when Molineaux knocked out Blake.<ref name="Pancratia"/> In this fight, the American was reported to have shown "great improvement in the science of pugilism".<ref name="Pancratia"/>
On December 3, 1810, having been trained by Bill Richmond, Molineaux fought Tom Cribb at Shenington Hollow in Oxfordshire<ref>Mary Lobel, with Alan Crossley: Template:Cite book; pages 139-150 (Parishes: Shenington). And it can be viewed on the BHO website</ref> for the English title. According to the journalist and sportswriter Pierce Egan, who was present, Molineaux stood at five foot eight and a quarter inches tall and, for this fight, weighed "fourteen stone two" (Template:Convert).<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> Egan wrote that few people, including Cribb, expected the fight to last very long; there was betting that Cribb would win in the first ten rounds.<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> Molineaux proved a powerful and intelligent fighter, and the two heavily battered each other. There was a disturbance in the 19th round as Molineaux and Cribb were locked in a wrestler's hold (legal under the rules of the time) so that neither could hit the other nor escape. The referee stood by, uncertain whether he should break the two apart, and the dissatisfied crowd pushed into the ring. In the confusion, Molineaux hurt his left hand; Egan could not tell if it had been broken.<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> There was a dispute over whether Cribb had returned to the line before the allowed 30 seconds had passed. If he had not, Molineaux would have won, but the referee could not tell in the confusion and the fight went on. After the 34th round, Molineaux said he could not continue,<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> but his second persuaded him to return to the ring, where he was defeated in the 35th round.
Two days after the fight, Richmond took Molineaux to the Stock Exchange in London, where the boxer received an ovation and was presented with 45 guineas.<ref name="Thormanby"/>
On May 21, 1811, Molineaux took on William Rimmer, a 22-year-old fighter from Lancashire.<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/><ref name="Famous Fights - Tom Cribb">Template:Cite book</ref> The bout took place at Moulsey Hurst and Molineaux won after 21 rounds.
A return fight with Tom Cribb took place on September 28, 1811, at Thistleton Gap in Rutland and was watched by 15,000 people. Egan, who was present, said that both fighters "weighed less by more than a stone",<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> which means Molineaux weighed at most Template:Convert for this fight. As preparation for the bout, Cribb had undertaken extensive training under the guidance of Captain Barclay.<ref name="Famous Fights - Tom Cribb"/> Molineaux, though still hitting Cribb with great power, was out-fought; Cribb broke his jaw and finally knocked him out in the 11th round.<ref name="Egan, Boxiana, 1813"/> After the fight Richmond and Molineaux parted.
Molineaux fought four subsequent bouts, winning three and losing one.<ref name="Thormanby">Template:Cite book</ref> On April 2 1813, Molineaux fought Jack Carter at Remington, Gloucestershire, the American winning after 25 rounds.<ref name="Pugilistica"/><ref name="Jack Carter Boxiana">Template:Cite book</ref> After the fight, Molineaux went on tour, where he sparred in exhibition bouts. In 1813, he fought Abraham Denton at Derby, his opponent being described as a "country pugilist" with the stature of a giant. Molineaux won the contest. The tour took him to Scotland, and on May 27, 1814, he took on a boxer named William Fuller at Bishopstorff, Paisley, Ayrshire.<ref name="Pugilistica"/><ref name="Famous Fights - William Fuller">Template:Cite book</ref> After four rounds of fighting the match was interrupted when the "sheriff of Renfrewshire, attended by constables, entered the ring, and put a stop to it".<ref name="Pugilistica"/> A rematch was staged at Auchineux, 12 miles from Glasgow on May 31, 1814. 2 rounds were fought there, lasting 68 minutes, Molineaux being awarded the contest. On March 11, 1815, Molineaux fought and lost to George Cooper at Corset Hill, Lanarkshire.<ref name="Pugilistica"/>
Molineaux also entered Cornish wrestling tournaments in England when touring in the early 1800s.<ref name="SA08081812">Exeter Annual wrestling match, Staffordshire Advertiser, 8 August 1812, p4.</ref>
Post-boxing life
Molineaux's prizefighting career ended in 1815. However, he continued to show his talents in sparring exhibitions. After visiting Scotland, he toured Ireland, where in 1817, he was reportedly in the northern part of the island.<ref name="Pugilistica"/> He suffered from tuberculosis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After a stint in a debtors' prison he became increasingly dependent on alcohol.
He died penniless in the bandroom of the 77th Regiment in Galway, Ireland, on 4 August 1818.<ref name=times>"Molyneux, the pugilist, died at Galway, Ireland, on the 4th inst., in a room occupied by the band of the 77th regiment, where he had been maintained the last two months, and very humanely attended by three people of his colour": The Times (London, England), August 18, 1818, p. 3.</ref> He was 34 years old.
In 2018, Galway City Museum held an exhibition on the life of Molineaux to mark the 200th anniversary of his death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also in 2018 a plaque was erected in Galway at the site of his death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2019, Katie Taylor unveiled a headstone over his previously unmarked grave in St James' graveyard in Galway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Career record
Template:S-start |- | align="center" colspan=8|5 wins, 3 losses, 1 draw |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration
|- | Template:Yes2Win | Jack Burrows | July 24, 1810 | Tothill Fields, Westminster | 65 minutes |- | Template:Yes2Win | Tom Blake | August 21, 1810 | Epple Bay near Margate | 8 rounds |- | Template:No2Loss | Tom Cribb | December 18, 1810 | Copthorne Gap, Surrey | 35 rounds |- | Template:Yes2Win | William Rimmer | May 21, 1811 | Moulsey Hurst | 21 rounds |- | Template:No2Loss | Tom Cribb | September 28, 1811 | Thistleton Gap | 11 rounds |- | Template:Yes2Win | Jack Carter | April 2, 1813 | Remington, Gloucestershire | 25 rounds |- | style="background: #dae2f1"|Draw | William Fuller | May 27, 1814 | Bishopstorff, Paisley | 4 rounds |- | Template:Yes2Win | William Fuller | May 31, 1814 | Auchineux | 2 rounds |- | Template:No2Loss | George Cooper | March 11, 1815 | Corset Hill, Lanarkshire | 14 rounds Template:S-end
Legacy
- Molineaux is a direct ancestor of American hip-hop artist LL Cool J. The rapper, named James Todd Smith, found out the information when he had his genealogy traced on a television show titled Finding Your Roots.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- A hand-coloured etching of Molineaux by Robert Dighton is held in the National Portrait Gallery in London.<ref>A hand-coloured etching of Molineaux</ref>
- A fictionalized account of Molineaux's boxing career is the basis of Black Ajax by George MacDonald Fraser.
- In 2003, Molineaux was featured in the television documentary Georgian Underworld: Bare Knuckle Boxer.<ref>Georgian Underworld: Bare Knuckle Boxer at IMDb.</ref>Template:Unreliable source<ref>"Bare Knuckle Boxer" on YouTube.</ref>Template:Sps
- Thomas Molineaux is featured in the short animation The Prize Fighter,<ref>"The Prize Fighter (2010)" at IMDb.</ref>Template:Unreliable source directed by Jason Young.
- Tom Molyneaux is featured as a ghost in the short story Apparition in the Prize Ring by Robert E. Howard, who was a boxing fan.
- Molineaux's fight with Cribb was turned into a 2014 play called Prize Fighters (based on the book Bristol Boys by Jack Allen) by director Ed Viney<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was performed in the Tobacco Factory in 2015.
- Molineaux's return fight with Cribb in 1811 at Thistleton Gap is referred to in Regency Buck, a novel by Georgette Heyer.
- Molineaux was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997.<ref>"Molineux". International Boxing Hall of Fame.</ref>
- In 2010, Molineaux was inducted into the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- In 2017, a documentary film Template:Lang (Crossing the Black Atlantic), directed by Des Kilbane and Andrew Gallimore, premiered at the Galway Film Fleadh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} </ref>
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Pottery figurines of Cribb and Molineux
- Tom Molineaux at the International Boxing Hall of Fame
- Tom Molineaux Template:Webarchive at the Virginia Historical Society
- Account of Tom Cribb vs Tom Molineaux fight on the BoxRec website
- Tom Molineaux at The Cyber Boxing Zone
- Pages with broken file links
- 1784 births
- 1818 deaths
- 18th-century American slaves
- 19th-century American slaves
- 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
- 19th-century American sportsmen
- African-American boxers
- Alcohol-related deaths in Ireland
- American emigrants to England
- American emigrants to Ireland
- American male boxers
- American people imprisoned in the United Kingdom
- American bare-knuckle boxers
- Black British history
- Boxers from Virginia
- Free Negroes
- Heavyweight boxers
- People imprisoned for debt
- Tuberculosis deaths in Ireland
- People enslaved in Virginia