Toyota AE86

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The AE86 series of the Toyota Corolla Levin/Sprinter Trueno are small, front-engine/rear-wheel-drive compact cars within the mostly front-engine/front-wheel-drive fifth generation Corolla (E80) range—marketed and manufactured by Toyota from 1983 to 1987 in coupé and liftback configurations.

The cars were light, affordable, easily modifiable, and had a five-speed manual transmission, a limited-slip differential (optional), MacPherson strut front suspension, near 50/50 front/rear weight balance, and a front-engine/rear-drive layout—at a time when this configuration was waning industry-wide. In certain areas of the world (and optional in others) it was powered by a high revving (7800 rpm) twin-cam engine.

Widely popular for Showroom Stock, Group A, and Group N, Rally and Club racing, the cars' inherent qualities also earned the AE86 an early and enduring international prominence in the motorsport discipline of drifting. The AE86 was featured centrally in the popular, long-running Japanese manga and anime series titled Initial D (1995–2013) as the main character's drift and tofu delivery car. In 2015, Road & Track called the AE86 "a cult icon, inextricably interwoven with the earliest days of drifting."<ref name="r&T">Template:Cite web</ref>

The AE86 would go on to inspire the Toyota 86 (2012–present),<ref> Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link </ref> a 2+2 sports car jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru, manufactured by Subaru—and marketed also as the Toyota GT86, Toyota GR86, Toyota FT86, Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ.

In November 2021, Toyota temporarily restarted the production of a limited number of parts for the AE86, with dealers beginning to take orders for new steering knuckle arms and rear brake calipers. Rear axle half shafts have also been scheduled for new production. Toyota has also announced that this reboot is temporary, and parts will only be available as long as stocks last.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Name

File:Toyota Corolla GT AE86 Trueno hatchback.jpg
Toyota AE86 Sprinter Trueno

The nameplate Trueno derives from the Spanish word for thunder,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Levin derives from the Middle English for lightning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bracketing a minor external facelift, models marketed between 1983 and 1985 are called "zenki" (前期, lit. 'early period'), and those marketed from 1986 to 1987 are called "kouki" (後期, lit. 'latter period').<ref name=hr>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=driftjapan />

Technicals

The AE86 was available with a naturally aspirated 4A-GEU "blue top" Template:Convert inline-four engine, a DOHC four-valve-per-cylinder motor in Japan, which was also used in the first-generation MR2 G Limited (AW11), Corona GT (AT141), Celica 1600GT-R (AA63) and Carina 1600GTR (AA63) with a compression ratio of 9.4:1. It had a maximum SAE gross power output of Template:Convert at 6,600 rpm and Template:Convert at 5,200 rpm of torque in standard form,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 4A-GEU engines used in the Japanese market AE86 were also equipped with Denso electronic port fuel injection, T-VIS variable intake geometry and manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor.

In North America, a modified 4A-GEC engine was used to comply with California emissions regulations, which uses a mass air flow (MAF) sensor. Power was rated at Template:Convert and Template:Convert of torque.<ref name="driftjapan">Drift Japan » Toyota Corolla AE86 Template:Webarchive - AE86 History and Overview</ref> while the lower SOHC 4A-C was rated at Template:Convert and Template:Convert of torque.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="US87">Template:Cite web</ref> These North American specification engines were also available in Australia (4A-C only), Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany (4A-GEC only).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, these engines claimed higher outputs at Template:Convert and Template:Convert of torque for the 4A-GEC and Template:Convert and Template:Convert of torque for the 4A-C.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For the rest of the word (general specification), the regular 4A-GE and 4A were offered instead, the twincam engine was rated at Template:Convert and Template:Convert of torque.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The AE86 used ventilated disc brakes. The car was equipped with a MacPherson strut style independent suspension at the front and a four-link live axle with coil springs for the rear as well as stabilizer bars, front and rear, and an optional LSD.<ref name=driftjapan /> Depending on the market, the AE86 came with a T50 5-speed manual gearbox and optional A42DL/A44DE 4-speed automatic.

Models equipped with the 4A-GE engine received a Template:Convert T-series rear differential, while 3A-U (only offered on the AE85), 4A and 4A-C models received a smaller, weaker, Template:Convert S-series rear differential.

One of the staff who was behind the car's engineering work was Nobuaki Katayama, who would later head the company's motorsport department and who would become chief engineer of the Altezza project a decade later.Template:Citation needed He has a photo of an AE86 hung in his office.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Body styles

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The Levin and Trueno featured fixed-headlights and retractable headlights respectively, with both available as hatchback or coupé. The export model name Corolla applies to both variations. The AE86 (along with the lower spec Template:Convert AE85 and Template:Convert SR5 and DX versions) was rear wheel drive, built on the rear wheel drive E70 Corolla platform<ref name=e70861/><ref name=e70862/> (same wheelbase length, interchangeable parts, etc.), unlike the front wheel drive E80 models in the same range.

Pre-facelift (Zenki)

Facelift (Kouki)

Minor bodywork changes were made in May 1985, which resulted in different taillights, updated bumpers with wrap-around front indicators, corner and headlight trim lights, interior, and grilles. New paint colors have been shuffled around as well. Both the Levin and Trueno now have halogen lamps as standard. The seats on the GT-V and GT-APEX models have also been redesigned. They are the main differences for both AE85/86 Levin and Trueno coupé and liftback models.

In 1986, Toyota marketed a limited edition model of the AE86 as the "Black Limited" model. It was advertised as a limited-production model with only 400 units, and was based on the Kouki Sprinter Trueno GT-APEX 3-door liftback.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Models and specifications

In Japan, the DOHC 4A-GEU AE86 was offered in GT, GTV and GT APEX trims as the Corolla Levin or Sprinter Trueno. In North America, the top-spec DOHC 4A-GEC was sold as the Corolla Sport GT-S<ref name="gojunen">Template:Cite book</ref> (with AE86 on the build plate in the engine bay but AE88 in the VIN), with the SOHC 4A-C being sold as the Corolla Sport DX and SR5<ref name="gojunen"/> (with AE85 on the VIN but AE86 on the build plate in the engine bay in the DX and AE86 on the build plate and in the VIN in the SR5). Both versions were sold with Trueno pop-up headlights and Levin taillights, and had longer, heavier 5 mph (8 km/h) regulated bumpers in the front and rear. Euro-spec models were sold as the Corolla GT, Corolla GT Coupe, and Corolla GT-i, with DOHC engines and fixed Levin-style headlights. Australian models were sold as the Toyota Sprinter, with SOHC engines and also had fixed Levin headlights but with Trueno taillights as the taillights had the word "Sprinter" on them.<ref name=AUAE86/> New Zealand received a limited number of AE86s with DOHC 4A-GE engines, again with fixed Levin headlights. These AE86s were only offered in the 3-door liftback style. The Middle East received the same basic model as the North American market, with Trueno pop-up headlights, Levin taillights, and the regulated 5 mph (8 km/h) bumpers.

The lightest AE86 is the Japanese 2 door GT model which weighs about Template:Convert.<ref name=Levinzenki/> It has the same exterior as the GTV trim, but with the interior of the AE85 with the exception of the gauges, and is equipped with rear drum brakes.

Japanese AE86 specifications

There are three types of the Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno for the Japanese market: GT, GT-V, and GT-APEX.

Note that all AE86 models produced in Japan featured the 1.6 L 4A-GEU engine.

Model codes (Sprinter Trueno)

  • AE86-FCMQF: 4A-GEU, GT-V 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
  • AE86-FCMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
  • AE86-FCPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 3-door liftback (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
  • AE86-FSMQF: 4A-GEU, GT 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
  • AE86-FSMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
  • AE86-FSPQF: 4A-GEU, GT 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
  • AE86-FSPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)

Model codes (Corolla Levin)

  • AE86-ECMQF: 4A-GEU, GT-V 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
  • AE86-ECMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
  • AE86-ECPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 3-door liftback (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
  • AE86-ESMQF: 4A-GEU, GT 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
  • AE86-ESMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
  • AE86-ESPQF: 4A-GEU, GT 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
  • AE86-ESPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)

Japanese model variations

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GT APEX

This trim level is the highest level of the AE86, offered in both 2-door and 3-door body styles and coming in both Levin and Trueno versions.

On the exterior, three two-tone paint colors are available, and had brown-tinted glass (a feature unique to the GT-APEX only, as all other models (including export models such as the SR5 and GT-S) had blue-tinted glass instead). It has power mirrors, adjustable interval windshield wipers, and a rear windshield wiper on liftback models. A special thermostatic flip-up grille was also available as an option on the Levin for the Zenki models. On the interior, they have the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, sport seats, power steering, a tilting steering column, rear defrost, air conditioning, manual windows, and interior illumination dimming. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models.

Options for this model include (but not limited to): limited-slip differential (LSD), cruise control, power windows, power sunroof, digital instrument cluster, automatic air conditioning, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), optional alloy wheels, Alpine sound system, fog lights on the Levin (Kouki models only), mudflaps, and rear hatch visor and quarter window billboards.

GTV

This trim level is the upmarket lightweight-sports grade level of the AE86, coming in both Levin and Trueno versions. It was only offered in the 3-door body style. It features the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, sport seats, illumination dimming, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on the exterior, and had steel wheels with disk brakes on the front and rear. Side door decals denoting "GT-V Twin Cam 16" were added, exclusive to this model. A five-speed manual transmission is standard.

Options include (but not limited to): two-tone paint colors, air conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, rear wipers, limited-slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps and body-colored bumpers.

GT

The GT trim level is the base model of the AE86. It was only offered in the 2-door body style and came in both Levin and Trueno versions. It used the interior of the AE85 SE, with a basic two-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, basic seats, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on the exterior, and had steel wheels with basic disk brakes on the front and drum brakes on the rear. A five-speed manual transmission was standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models.

Options include (but not limited to): air conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, limited-slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps, automatic transmission (Kouki models only), and rear defrost.

These models were the lightest out of any AE86 models, weighing in at about Template:Convert.

North American AE86 specifications

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There are three types of Corolla Sport RWD for the US market: DX, SR5, and GT-S. Although the DX was generally an internal Toyota designation, as brochures and advertising do not include the DX designation;<ref name=driftjapan /> it consisted of a lower trim level, lighter duty suspension parts and the like.

  • Model Years of production: 1984 to 1987 (production started Sep 1983)
  • Versions: DX, SR5 and GT-S (85 Only)
  • Template:Cd

Note that the VIN and the chassis code do not match for all models.

DX & SR5 specifications

Lower-spec North American AE86 models such as the Sport SR5 used the Template:Convert 4A-C SOHC unit, The S-series rear end was a 6.38-inch non-LSD with drum brakes. The SR5 model also had a softer suspension, and small styling and interior changes such as seats, gauge cluster, door panels, un-painted matte black front and rear bumpers, the lower part of the front bumper surround is shorter and flat, and its VIN differs as well, being AE86 for the SR5 model (for North American market cars). The Sport SR5 can also be identified by the "X" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

Another lower-spec AE86 model was the base-model DX coupé (US only), which had the same Template:Convert 4A-C SOHC unit and 6.38-inch non-LSD rear end with drum brakes as the SR5. While being near-identical to the SR5, the DX lacks many of the options and features that were present on the SR5 and GT-S, such as a smaller center console, no rear sway bars, tiny wheels center caps, no air conditioning, non 50:50 rear bench seat and a very basic interior. The DX was an internal Toyota designation and was absent in advertising and brochures, hence it was more uncommon than the SR5 and GT-S. The VIN of the DX is AE85 (not to be confused with the Japan-only AE85), but its chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The base-model DX can also be identified with the "D" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

  • First 7 characters of VIN: JT2AE85 (DX) or JT2AE86 (SR5)
  • Chassis code: AE86 (L) (which may differ from the VIN) (L designates LHD)
  • Engine: 4A-C, Template:Convert
  • Engine type: SOHC 8-valve Inline-4 carbureted
  • Compression: 9.0:1 (varies; some early and late 4A-C engines have lower or higher compression ratios)
  • Horsepower: Template:Convert at 4800 rpm
  • Torque: Template:Convert at 2800 rpm
  • M/T transmission: T50, 6-bolt flywheel
  • A/T transmission: A42DL, 4-speed overdrive w/lockup torque converter, mechanically controlled, with electronically engaged overdrive
  • Differential: Template:Convert open with 4.10:1 ratio, 2-pinion (automatic) (S292) or 3.91:1 ratio, 4-pinion (5-speed) (S314)
  • Weight: approximately Template:Convert
  • Wheels/tires: 13×5" +33 mm offset rims with 185/70R13 tires

GT-S specifications

Higher-spec North American AE86 models known as the Sport GT-S featured the DOHC 4A-GEC engine, four-wheel disc brakes, had a T-series 6.7-inch differential, color-matched bumpers, front lower bumper surround with a much more sporty and pronounced lip, molded door panels, tachometer redline at 7500 rpm, leather-wrapped steering wheel, seats with leather-wrapped tops (front seats are completely different from Sport SR5), optional LSD, and aluminium wheels. The VIN of the GT-S is AE88 (for North American market cars), however the chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The Sport GT-S can also be identified by the "Q" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

  • First 7 characters of VIN: JT2AE88
  • Chassis code: AE86 (L) (which differs from the VIN) (L designates LHD)
  • Engine: 4A-GEC, Template:Convert
  • Engine type: DOHC 16-valve Inline-4 AFM Multiport Fuel Injection w/T-VIS
  • Injector size: . Template:Convert, low impedance
  • Compression: 9.4:1
  • Horsepower: Template:Convert at 6600 rpm
  • Torque: Template:Convert at 4800 rpm
  • Transmission: T50, 8-bolt flywheel
  • Differential: Template:Convert Open (T282) or optional LSD (T283) with 4.30:1 Ratio, 2-pinion
  • Weight: approximately Template:Convert
  • Wheels/tires: 14×5.5" +27 mm offset rims with 185/60R14 82H tires (195/60R14 85H for 86+ models)

Rest of the world

The general specification model of AE86 was based on the Corolla Levin and marketed as Corolla GT (or GTi) with 4A-GE and SR with 4A. Unlike the Levin, this model featured front grille with "TOYOTA" badge instead of "LEVIN". Other exterior differences can be identified by the additional turn signal on the front fenders (Europe only), rear license plate lights that illuminate from below, fuel door with keyhole (standard in Europe) and optional headlights washer. In Australia, the AE86 was also based on the Levin but marketed as Toyota Sprinter liftback and featured the taillights of Trueno.<ref name=AUAE86>Template:Cite web</ref>

Motorsports

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File:Ae86 drift.jpg
Shoji Nakazawa, drifting his 13B-powered AE86

While in production, the AE86 was a popular choice for showroom stock, Group A, and Group N racing, especially in rallying and circuit races. After production ended, many private teams continued to race the AE86, and it remains a popular choice for rallying and club races today.

Part of the continued appeal of the AE86 for motorsports is its rear-drive configuration, not available in most newer lightweight coupes. In Group A touring car races, the car either dominated the lower category where eligible or fought it out with Honda Civics or the later AE92s and AE101s whilst maintaining its competitiveness. In Ireland, where rallying is considered one of the most popular forms of motorsport, as organizing regulations are more relaxed compared to that of other countries, the AE86 was popular when new, and remains so popular that teams will purchase cars from the UK due to local shortages. The AE86 is also popular for rally use in Finland, where the cars can be competitive in the F-Cup competition for naturally aspirated 2WD cars.Template:Citation needed

The AE86 was entered in the European Touring Car Championship from 1984 to 1988 with a Template:Convert 4A-GEU engine.Template:Citation needed In 1986 it beat the BMW 635 CSi, BMW 325i (E30), Rover Vitesse, Volvo 240 Turbo, Merkur XR4Ti, Mazda 929, Holden Commodore (VK), Alfa Romeo 75 (turbo V6), and Mercedes 190E 2.3-16 to win the Manufacturers Championship with 267 points, surpassing the 1986 Drivers Championship Schnitzer Motorsport BMW 635 CSi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1986 and 1987, Chris Hodgetts won the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), beating the V8 Rover SD1's, Ford Sierra Cosworth's and BMW 3 Series (E30) M3's two years running for an overall points victory driving an AE86 for Toyota (GB) PLC and his own race prep team CHMS.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The semi-factory supported Kraft team entered a spaceframe Trueno in the JGTC for the GT300 regulations in 1999. The Trueno used a Dallara F3 chassis and was powered with a 3S-GTE engine that came from a SW20 MR2 Turbo that produces about Template:Convert. Despite being popular with the fans, the car had minor success and was abandoned from use halfway through the 2001 season when the AE86 burst into flames during the third round of the season at Sugo. Kraft subsequently replaced it with the newly-delivered Toyota MR-S.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The rear wheel drive configuration, combined with the AE86's light weight (approximately 2300 lb (950–970 kg) curb weight), balance and relatively powerful (and easy to tune) 4A-GEU engine made it popular among the Japanese hashiriya (street racers in Japanese), many of whom raced in touge (mountain passes in Japanese) where the corners suited the AE86 best, especially on the downhill.<ref name=driftjapan /> Among those who utilized this car was Japanese racing legend Keiichi Tsuchiya also known as the Drift King ("Dori-Kin" in Japanese). Keiichi Tsuchiya helped popularize the sport of drifting, which involves taking a car on a set of controlled slides through corners.<ref name=driftjapan /> The AE86's FR configuration made it well suited to this kind of cornering, and currently the car is a mainstay of drift shows and competitions. Japanese drifters like Katsuhiro Ueo, Toshiki Yoshioka, Yoichi Imamura, Koichi Yamashita, Hiroshi Takahashi, Tetsuya Hibino, and Wataru Hayashi were also involved in making the AE86 famous in the drift scene.Template:Citation needed

AE86s around the world have been extensively modified for use in professional drifting.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Toyota SPRINTER TRUENO GT-APEX (E-AE86-FCMVF) ver.INITIAL D.jpg
Initial D AE86 replica

The AE86 is considered as an iconic cultural icon in Japanese popular culture following its inclusion in the Initial D anime and manga. The main character, Takumi Fujiwara, uses his father's AE86 Trueno GT-APEX liftback to make his tofu deliveries and later for racing. His friend, Itsuki Takeuchi, drives an AE85 Levin SR liftback. Throughout the series, two of Takumi's opponents drive AE86s: Wataru Akiyama, who drives a turbocharged (later supercharged) AE86 Levin GT-APEX liftback, and Shinji Inui, who drives the notchback coupé version of the GT-APEX AE86 Trueno. The AE86 is also a playable vehicle in the Initial D Arcade Stage series. The popularity of Initial D is cited as the main cause of the car's high resale price, which is often referred to as "Takumi tax" or "tofu tax", after Takumi and his tofu delivery occupation respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Production

The Toyota AE86 (as well as the AE85) was built in either the Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant, or the Takaoka plant. Over 360,000 AE86s are estimated to have been built in total.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

AE86s built at the (now-closed)<ref name=higashiclosure/> Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant came with a "5" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "M21" and "M22". Only 28% of AE86s were produced at this plant, all of them being made for Japan with no export models being made.

AE86s built at the Takaoka plant came with a "0" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "A54" and "A52". The majority of AE86s were produced at this plant (including exported AE86 models), as it was the original plant where the Toyota Corolla and Sprinter are manufactured. Template:Clear

References

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Template:Toyota cars Template:Toyota timeline (North America) 1980–2009

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