Transport in Kazakhstan

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The vast territory of Kazakhstan spans across Template:Convert. The population density is low in Kazakhstan, and the centers of industry and agriculture are spread out and remote from world markets.

Railways

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Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are Template:Convert in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines, of which Template:Convert was electrified as of 2021.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation</ref> All railway lines in Kazakhstan are built in Template:Track gauge gauge.<ref name=":0" />

Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French rolling stock manufacturer Alstom in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing center in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing center in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the Soviet era, rail routes were designed ignoring inter-Soviet borders, based on the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused anomalies, such as the route from Oral to Aktobe passing briefly through Russian territory. It also means that routes might not suit modern-day Kazakhstani needs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Citation needed

Kazakhstan's developed railway system promotes international and regional trade connecting Asia and Europe. In 2019, the transit of goods through Kazakhstan increased 23% to 664,000 containers.<ref name="Cargo2019">Template:Cite web</ref>

The strategy of transport development in Kazakhstan until 2015 was to build Template:Convert of new electrified and Template:Convert of existing railway stations.Template:Citation needed

In 2006, a standard gauge rail link from China to Europe was proposed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2007, it was proposed to eliminate break of gauge at Druzhba-Alashankou by converting the Kazakhstan main line to European gauge.Template:Citation needed

In 2008, BOOT line from Zhetigen to Khorgos on the China border.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The line would branch off the existing railway near Shaquanzi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Maps

Towns served by rail

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Rapid transit and tram systems

Metro station in Almaty.

Almaty

Tram in Almaty

Template:Main There is a small (Template:Convert) metro system in Almaty, the former capital and the largest city in the country. Second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at Alatau and Zhibek Zholy stations.<ref name="urbanrail.net">Template:Cite web</ref>

In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. The extension includes five new stations, and will connect the downtown area of Almaty with Kalkaman in the suburbs. Its length will be Template:Convert.<ref name="Almaty_metro_website">Template:Cite web</ref>

The construction is divided into three phases. The first phase, the addition of the two stations Sairan and Moscow with a length of Template:Convert<ref name="Almaty_metro_website" /> opened in 2015.

There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Astana

Template:Main A metro system is currently under construction in Astana , the capital city.

The metro line had been a long time coming and the project was abandoned at one point in 2013,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but an agreement was signed on 7 May 2015 for the project to go ahead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oskemen

In Oskemen, a tram system was operated until 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Opened between 1959 and 1978, the tram was a popular form of transport in Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk. At its peak, it had six routes, but in the end it had four routes in operation. It had a fleet of 50 working tram cars.<ref name=Oskemen_Trmway>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pavlodar

Trams in Pavlodar

In Pavlodar, there is a Template:Convert tram network which began service in 1965. Template:As of, the network has 20 regular and three special routes. The network has a 60% share of the local public transport market. Its fleet of 115 trams are due to be replaced and in 2012, with the city announcing plans to purchase 100 new trams.<ref name=Pavlodar>Pavlodar</ref>

Temirtau

Trams in Temirtau

There are two tram lines in Temirtau.<ref name=Temirtau_city_council_website>Template:Cite web</ref>

Highways

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Al-Farabi street, Almaty, Esentai Tower

Kazakhstan has a road network stretching over Template:Convert, most of which is in need of modernization and repair. It is, however, notable for containing the easterly terminus of European route E40, which contains the most easterly section of the Euroroute network.

As per the CIA Factbook, as of 2021, Kazakhstan had a total road network of Template:Convert which was made up of Template:Convert paved and Template:Convert unpaved roads.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, there were 3,845,301 registered cars and a total of 4,425,770 units of autotransport.<ref>«Казинформ»(Kazinform [1])</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Motorways

The motorway network in Kazakhstan is rather underdeveloped, mainly due to the low population density in the country, which doesn't require wider roads on long distances. There is a total of 490 km of motorways. The following are the only existing multi-lane, double carriage roads in Kazakhstan:

International routes

Five international routes pass through Kazakhstan, totaling Template:Convert. These highways are:

In 2009, the country began the construction of the Western Europe-Western China highway, which was completed in 2018, linking the Chinese and Russian highway systems and allowing uninterrupted highway road transport from Europe to China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Convert of that highway stretch across Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Kyzylorda, South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and Almaty oblasts). The thickness of the asphalt and concrete pavement was planned to be Template:Convert, and the expected lifespan of the highway 25 years, without a major overhaul, and the maximum speed limit Template:Convert. The project includes a number of bridges over rivers, road maintenance facilities, bus stop areas, avtopavilony, cattle trails, and electronic signage. Simultaneously with the construction of this highway, roads were repaired and built in areas along its route.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pipelines

As of 2017, pipelines in Kazakhstan consist of:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Waterways and waterborne transportation

There are Template:Convert of waterways on the Syrdariya (Syr Darya), 80%, and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers, (2010)<ref name="ciafactbook">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ports and harbours

Caspian Sea

On rivers

Merchant Marine

The merchant marine has a total of 122 vessels Template:As of, consisting of three general cargo vessels, seven petroleum tankers, and 112 other vessels.<ref name=":0" />

Airports

Kazakhstan has a total of 132 airports (2025).<ref name=":0" /> However, it is quoted as having a total of 449 airports in 2001.<ref name="nationalencyclopedia" />

The large area of the country and the associated long distances makes air travel a very important component in domestic travel.

Airports - with paved runways (2012)

total: 64<ref name=ciafactbook/>

Airports - with unpaved runways (2012)

total: 33<ref name=ciafactbook/>

Open Sky regime

11 airports of Kazakhstan are part of the open sky regime, which allows more foreign carriers and more flights to operate at Kazakh airports. They include the airports of Astana, Almaty, Shymkent, Aktau, Karaganda, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Kokshetau, Taraz, Petropavlovsk, and Semey.<ref name="OpenSky">Template:Cite web</ref>

Heliports

Total: 32 (2025)<ref name=":0" />

Template:Airports in Kazakhstan

Airlines

Air Astana Airbus-320 aircraft at Aktau Airport.

The European Commission blacklisted all Kazakh carriers in 2009, with the sole exception of Air Astana. Since then, Kazakhstan had consistently been taking measures to modernize and revamp its air safety oversight. Thus, in 2016, the European Aviation Safety Agency removed all Kazakh airlines from its blacklist citing “sufficient evidence of compliance” with international standards by Kazakh airlines and its Civil Aviation Committee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2021, it was announced that Kazakhstan’s aviation safety record increased to 84%, which is 15% higher than the global average. These statistics were reported from an audit conducted by the ICAO Coordinated Validation Mission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The New Silk Road

Kazakhstan is actively involved in the New Silk Road initiative, which is an infrastructure project expected to significantly accelerate and reduce the cost of goods delivery from China to Europe through Central Asia.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

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References

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Template:CIA World Factbook

Template:Transportation in Europe Template:Asia topic Template:Motorways in Asia Template:Motorways in Europe Template:Kazakhstan transit Template:Kazakhstan topics

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