Trebinje

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Trebinje (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated on the banks of the Trebišnjica river in the region of East Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 31,433 inhabitants. The city's old town quarter, the Walled town of Trebinje, dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period and includes the Arslanagić Bridge, as of recently also known as Perovića Bridge.

Geography

Physical geography

The city lies in the Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar, in southeastern Herzegovina, some Template:Convert by road from Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as a historic Ottoman Arslanagić Bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river – which always floods in the winter – naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik. Trebinje is known as "the city of the sun and plane-trees", and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is the economic and cultural center of the region of East Herzegovina.

Political geography

The Trebinje municipality is located in the most southern part of Republika Srpska and borders the municipalities of Bileća, Ljubinje, and Ravno in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trebinje municipality has an area of 904 km² and makes up 3.68% of the total territory of the Republic of Srpska.

Climate

Trebinje experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with heavy precipitation, typical of the southern Adriatic coastal areas.

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History

Middle Ages

File:Tvrdoš Monastery 04.jpg

Serbian Orthodox Tvrdoš Monastery, founded in the 15th century.

Tribulium was the original name for this settlement, and the etymology of it may be analyzed as tri-bulium, or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' (*trei-) and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (913–959) mentioned Travunija (Τερβουνια). Serbian Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–51) married his daughter to Krajina, the son of Beloje, and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. By 1040, Stefan Vojislav's state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to his capital, Skadar, set up along the southern banks of the Skadar Lake, with other courts set up in Trebinje, Kotor, and Bar.Template:Sfn

The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople, which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and his crusaders.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |

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  }}{{#ifeq:  ||}}</ref> Trebinje diocese has its episcopal seat in Polje near Trebinje.<ref>Muhamed Hadžijahić; (1985) Pitanje rasprostranjenosti Metodove nadbiskupije južno od Save (in Croatian) p.4; Croatica Christiana Periodica, Vol. 9 No. 15, [1]</ref> At the end of the 12th century Stefan Nemanja conquered provinces that include Trebinje.<ref>Ivica Puljić, 2015, Sedam stoljeća otoka Mrkana u naslovu trebinjskih biskupa, https://hrcak.srce.hr/153752, #page= 91</ref> Under the name of Tribunia or Travunja it belonged to the Serbian Kingdom and the Serbian Empire. In 1373, Trebinje was taken by the Balšić noble family, and later it was incorporated into the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1377.Template:Sfn There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century.

Under Bosnian rule, Trebinje became part of Kosača noble family domains. It was conquered by Ottoman forces for the first time in 1465, but already in 1470 it was returned to Vlatko Hercegović Kosača.Template:Sfn By 1478, the town was finally captured and incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, Template:Convert north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović, and was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.

Among noble families in the Trebinje region mentioned in Ragusan documents were Ljubibratić, Starčić, Popović, Krasomirić, Preljubović, Poznanović, Dragančić, Kobiljačić, Paštrović, Zemljić and Stanjević.<ref name="Vasić1995">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ottoman era

Template:Further Template:Wide imageThe burning of Saint Sava's remains after the Banat Uprising provoked the Serbs in other regions to revolt against the Ottomans.Template:Sfn Grdan, the vojvoda of Nikšić, organized revolt with Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje, where Metropolitan Visarion was seated.<ref name=Corovic-Preokret> Template:Cite book</ref> In 1596, the uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići, then spread to Drobnjaci, Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97). The rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko. It ultimately failed due to lack of foreign support.<ref name=Corovic-Preokret/>

The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot.Template:Sfn

On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers and Template:Circa 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over.Template:Sfn A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before the Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans.Template:Sfn The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towards Mostar, and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje.Template:Sfn The conquest of Trebinje and Popovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro.Template:Sfn The Venetians took over Hutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarily from the population.Template:Sfn

Ottoman rule lasted from 1466 until 1878. The Trebinje region suffered especially in the 16th century, mostly from the hand of uskoks of Senj and various hajduk bands.<ref name="hrabak">Template:Cite journal</ref> The calmer period during the Ottoman rule was the 18th century.<ref name="hrabak" /> The Serb elders from Trebinje, together with the people of Nikšić, planned a great uprising in the summer of 1805, under the influence of the First Serbian Uprising. Their project was suppressed by the Ottoman pasha and probably with the help from the local Slavic Muslims.<ref name="hrabak" />

The Christians of Trebinje, together with the Montenegrins, fought against Napoleon's troops and in several conflicts they managed to defeat the French troops, such as the knife fight which took place on 2–3 October 1806 leaving several thousands of French soldiers dead, after which the French withdrew for a while.<ref name="hrabak" />

Notable participants in the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) from Trebinje include Mićo Ljubibratić.

During the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77), the Bileća and Trebinje region was led by serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić.

Austria-Hungary

File:Austro-Hungarian WWI killing of Serbs in Hercegovina.png

Austro-Hungarian soldiers hanging Serb civilians, 1914

With the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, many reforms took place. New administrative division was introduced and a large number of Austro-Hungarian troops were located in Trebinje, which was seen as a city of strategic value and position.<ref name="srez">Template:Cite journal</ref> No factories or bigger investments were made in Trebinje during the AU rule.<ref name="srez"/>

After the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Croat-Muslim volunteer corps (German: Schutzcorp) terrorized Serb civilians of Bogojevići and other villages in Trebinje, which resulted in 83 children killed and 85 adults hanged.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Those and related actions resulted in migrations of the local population to Serbia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc.

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–92)

File:Trebinje- Spomenik borcima palim u borbi protiv fašizma 1941-1945 - panoramio.jpg

Monument dedicated to the fighters who died during the struggle against fascism in 1941–1945

Trebinje grew rapidly in the era of Josip Broz Tito's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980. It especially developed its hydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought a large increase in the urban population of Trebinje.

Bosnian War (1992–95)

Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town of Dubrovnik. In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina (Template:Langx). Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with the JNA and if refused they were executed, and thus they fled the region.Template:Sfn Ten of the town's mosques were razed to the ground during the war.Template:Sfn

Settlements

Trebinje is one of two municipalities created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2018, it has a total of 178 settlements that compose it (including city proper area of Trebinje): Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Template:Wide image

Demographics

According to the 2013 census results, the city of Trebinje has 31,433 inhabitants.

Population

Population of settlements – Trebinje municipality
	Settlement	1948	1953	1961	1971	1981	1991	2013
	Total	27,401	27,720	24,176	29,024	30,372	30,996	31,433
1	Bihovo						658	305
2	Donje Čičevo						258	497
3	Lastva						523	368
4	Pridvorci						419	632
5	Todorići						121	260
6	Trebinje				3,530	17,271	21,870	25,589
7	Vrpolje Ljubomir						73	278

Ethnic composition

Ethnic composition – Trebinje city
	2013	1991	1981	1971
Total	25,589 (100,0%)	21,870 (100,0%)	17,271 (100,0%)	3,530 (100,0%)
Serbs	22,344 (94%)	14,915 (68,20%)	9,489 (54,94%)	1,788 (50,65%)
Bosniaks	676 (2,8%)	4,228 (19,33%)	3,039 (17,60%)	1,211 (34,31%)
Yugoslavs		1,470 (6,722%)	3,364 (19,48%)	124 (3,513%)
Others	549 (2,3%)	910 (4,161%)	158 (0,915%)	51 (1,445%)
Croats	201 (0,8%)	347 (1,587%)	412 (2,386%)	208 (5,892%)
Montenegrins			727 (4,209%)	120 (3,399%)
Albanians			31 (0,179%)	7 (0,198%)
Macedonians			29 (0,168%)	2 (0,057%)
Slovenes			22 (0,127%)	19 (0,538%)

Ethnic composition – Trebinje municipality
	2013	1991	1981	1971
Total	31,433 (100,0%)	30,966 (100,0%)	30 372 (100,0%)	29,024 (100,0%)
Serbs	27,276 (93,42%)	21,349 (68,94%)	18,123 (59,67%)	19,362 (66,71%)
Bosniaks	995 (3,408%)	5,571 (17,99%)	4,405 (14,50%)	4,846 (16,70%)
Others	632 (2,165%)	1 158 (3,740%)	199 (0,655%)	157 (0,541%)
Croats	295 (1,010%)	1 246 (4,024%)	2,309 (7,602%)	3,350 (11,54%)
Yugoslavs		1 642 (5,303%)	4,280 (14,09%)	424 (1,461%)
Montenegrins			865 (2,848%)	776 (2,674%)
Albanians			119 (0,392%)	59 (0,203%)
Macedonians			36 (0,119%)	18 (0,062%)
Slovenes			22 (0,072%)	32 (0,110%)
Roma			14 (0,046%)

Culture

File:Hercegovačka Gračanica 314.jpg

Hercegovačka Gračanica, a Serbian Orthodox monastery located on the Crkvina Hill overlooking the town.

The Serbian Orthodox church in Trebinje, Saborna Crkva, was built between 1888 and 1908. The Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery, a loose copy of the Gračanica monastery in Kosovo, was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-century Tvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including a church which dates back to late antiquity. The Duži Monastery is located 10 kilometres west of Trebinje. There is also the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Birth of Mary in the town centre, as well as monuments dedicated to acclaimed poets Njegoš and Jovan Dučić (who was from the town). The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully renovated in 2005. The Old Town walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574) is located 1 km north of the town center.

File:Music and More Summer Festival 2023.jpg

A banner emblazoned with ‘Music and More Summer Festival 2023’ adorns the road “Kralja Petra I Oslobodioca” in Trebinje, suspended at the level of a second-story building.

The Music & More SummerFest has recently become an annual tradition in Trebinje, spanning approximately two weeks in August. The festival is held at a variety of venues, including the Amphitheater Crkvina, KCT culture center Trebinje, local music school, Villa Lastva, and the Museum of Herzegovina.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sports

The local football club, FK Leotar Trebinje, plays in the First League of the Republika Srpska, the second-tier competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Economy

File:Elektroprivreda RS headquarter.jpg

Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske headquarters

The headquarters of Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, which is the largest employer in Republika Srpska (as of 2016), is located in Trebinje. As of 2016, most of its economy is based on services.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):<ref name="stats2018">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Activity	Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	152
Mining and quarrying	9
Manufacturing	1,440
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply	1,286
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities	214
Construction	362
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	1,157
Transportation and storage	151
Accommodation and food services	521
Information and communication	134
Financial and insurance activities	128
Real estate activities	1
Professional, scientific and technical activities	174
Administrative and support service activities	136
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security	972
Education	635
Human health and social work activities	601
Arts, entertainment and recreation	124
Other service activities	157
Total	8,354