Tropism
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In biology, a tropism is a phenomenon indicating the growth or turning movement of an organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus (as opposed to nastic movements, which are non-directional responses). Tropisms are usually named for the stimulus involved; for example, a phototropism is a movement to the light source, and an anemotropism is the response and adaptation of plants to the wind.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tropisms occur in three sequential steps. First, there is a sensation to a stimulus. Next, signal transduction occurs. And finally, the directional growth response occurs.
Tropisms can be regarded by ethologists as taxis (directional response) or kinesis (non-directional response).
The Cholodny–Went model, proposed in 1927, is an early model describing tropism in emerging shoots of monocotyledons, including the tendencies for the stalk to grow towards light (phototropism) and the roots to grow downward (gravitropism). In both cases, the directional growth is considered to be due to asymmetrical distribution of auxin, a plant growth hormone.<ref name="Plant Cell" />
Template:AnchorThe term "tropism" (Template:Ety) is also used in unrelated contexts. Viruses and other pathogens affect what is called "host tropism", "tissue tropism", or "cell tropism"; in which case tropism refers to the way in which different viruses/pathogens have evolved to preferentially target specific host species, specific tissue, or specific cell types within those species. In English, the word tropism is also used to indicate an action done without cognitive thought: However, "tropism" in this sense has a proper, although non-scientific, meaning as an innate tendency, natural inclination, or propensity to act in a certain manner towards a certain stimulus.
Types
Tropisms can be distinguished according to the orientation with respect to the direction of the stimulus. They can commonly be either positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from it).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Both of these are orthotropic,<ref>Template:Cite OED</ref> and can be contrasted with tropisms that are diatropic (perpendicular to the stimulus) or plagiotropic (at an oblique angle).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the type of stimulus, tropisms can be:
- Aerotropism: the growth of plants towards or away from a source of wind<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Chemotropism: the movement or growth in response to chemicals<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Electrotropism, or galvanotropism: the movement or growth in response to an electric field<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Exotropism: continuation of growth "outward," i.e. in the previously established direction<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Gravitropism (sometimes referred to as geotropism): is movement or growth in response to gravity<ref name=":0" />
- Apogeotropism: negative geotropism
- Heliotropism: the diurnal motion or seasonal motion of plant parts in response to the direction of the Sun, (e.g. the sunflower)
- Apheliotropism: negative heliotropism
- Hydrotropism: movement or growth in response to water; in plants, the root cap senses differences in water moisture in the soil, and signals cellular changes that cause the root to curve towards the area of higher moisture<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Prohydrotropism: positive hydrotropism
- Hygrotropism: movement or growth in response to moisture or humidityTemplate:Citation needed
- Inotropism: muscular contraction in response to drugs
- Magnetotropism: movement or growth in response to magnetic fields
- Phototropism: movement or growth in response to lights or colors of light
- Aphototropism: negative phototropism
- Skototropism: negative phototropism of vines
- Selenotropism: motion of plant parts in response to the direction of the Moon<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Thermotropism: movement or growth in response to temperature
- Thigmotropism: movement or growth in response to touch or contact
- Traumatotropism: orientation deviation after suffering a wounding<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>