USS Essex (1799)

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Template:Short description Template:Other ships Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates

Essex Template:Infobox ship image Template:Infobox ship career Template:Infobox ship career Template:Infobox ship characteristics Template:Infobox ship characteristics Template:Infobox ship characteristics Template:Infobox service record

The first USS Essex of the United States Navy was a 36-gun <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or 32-gun<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> sailing frigate that participated in the Quasi-War with France, the First Barbary War, and in the War of 1812. The British captured her in 1814 and she then served as HMS Essex until sold at public auction on 6 June 1837.

Service history

USS Essex with her prizes<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The frigate was built by Enos Briggs, Salem, Massachusetts,Template:Sfnp<ref>The Salem Frigate at Salem.com</ref><ref>Enos Briggs at SalemWeb.com</ref> at a cost of $139,362 subscribed by the people of Salem and Essex County, to a design by James Hackett. Essex was armed with mostly short-range carronades that could not hope to match the range of 18- and 24-pounder naval guns. She was launched on 30 September 1799. On 17 December 1799 she was presented to the United States Navy and accepted by Captain Edward Preble.

Quasi War: On 22 December she departed Salem, Massachusetts for Newport, Rhode Island.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 28 December she joined USS Congress at Newport.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 6 January 1800, Essex, under the command of Captain Preble, departed Newport, Rhode Island, in company with Template:USS to escort a convoy of merchant ships to Batavia, Dutch East Indies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Congress was dismasted only a few days out, Essex was obliged to continue her voyage alone. Sometime in early-mid February, Essex became the first US Naval ship to cross the Equator, being 16 deg. south of the Equator by the 14th.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 11 March she sighted the Cape of Good Hope and anchored at Cape Town.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Due to poor quality of masts and rigging, similar to those problems suffered by USS Congress, she spent a week effecting repairs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 24 March a heavy gale hit Cape Town capsizing and sinking her launch, the crew was saved with difficulty by Template:HMS's barge.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She departed Cape Town 28 March.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She was the first US man-of-war to double the Cape of Good Hope, both in March and in August 1800 prior to successfully completing her convoy mission in November. On 6 May, 1800 she encountered a former American ship that had been captured, condemned for sale in Court and had a French Captain who claimed the ship was now Dutch owned. The next day Essex took control of the ship and entered the Sunda Strait.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 16 May she arrived at Batavia, Dutch East Indies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 16 June she departed Batavia escorting a convoy back to the U. S.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After spending a few days in Mew Bay, Java she departed the Sunda Strait on 1 July.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She passed the Cape of Good Hope on 27 August.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 10 September she arrived at Saint Helena Island (Template:Coord).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> St. Helena was the designated rendezvous point for her convoy of returning merchant ships if they got scattered in storms rounding Cape Horn, which they had. All were accounted for by 26 September and they departed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 11 October they passed St. Paul's Rocks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Returned to New York City 28 November, mooring the next day.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

First Barbary War

She departed New York City for Hampton Roads before 14 May to rendezvous with the squadron. On the same day the Bashaw of Tripoli declared War on the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Captain William Bainbridge commanded Essex on her second cruise, receiving command from Capt. Preble on 29 May, 1801,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> whereon she sailed for the Mediterranean with the squadron of Commodore Richard Dale clearing the Cape on 2 June.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dispatched to protect American trade and seamen against depredations by the Barbary pirates, the squadron arrived at Gibraltar on 1 July 1801. She departed Gibraltar on 4 July escorting merchantmen "Hope" and "Grand Turk", Grand Turk transporting U.S. Government gifts to the Bey of Tunis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She spent the ensuing year convoying American merchantmen and blockading Tripolitan ships in their ports. She departed Gibraltar for the U. S. on 16 June, 1802.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Arriving off Sandy Hook on 23 July she received Orders to proceed to Washington, she went on to New York for provisions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While there, on 25 July a near mutiny occurred among the crew who wanted to get off at New York instead of going to Washington, 18 crew were put in irons.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Departed New York 29 July.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She returned to Washington, D. C. 9 or 10 August, 1802 and was placed "in ordinary".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following repairs at the Washington Navy Yard in 1802 she was placed in ordinary. Recommissioned 2 April, 1804.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Captain James Barron was ordered to take command in a letter dated 11 April, 1804 from the Secretary of the Navy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She departed Washington on 27 May.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She arrived at Hampton Roads on 14 June.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She passed the Capes on % July and arrived at Gibraltar on 13 August.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She participated in the Battle of Derne on 27 April 1805, and remained in those waters until the conclusion of peace terms in 1806. On 29 May, 1805 Capt. Barron was Ordered to take command of USS President and was replaced as Captain by Capt. Cox.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 30 July she was with the U.S. fleet at Tunis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On 22 August, 1805 Stewart exchanged commands with Capt. Hugh Campbell of USS Constellation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Returning to the Washington Navy Yard in July, she was placed in ordinary until February 1809, when she was recommissioned for sporadic use in patrolling American waters and a single cruise to Europe.

War of 1812

When war was declared against Britain on 18 June 1812, Essex, commanded by Captain David Porter, made a successful cruise to the southward. On 11 July near Bermuda she fell in with seven British transports (Silverside being one) and by moonlight engaged and took one of them as a prize. On 13 August she encountered and captured the sloop Template:HMS after an engagement. By September, when she returned to New York, Essex had taken ten prizes. The youngest member of the Essex crew was 10-year-old midshipman David Glasgow Farragut, who would become the first admiral of the US Navy. Farragut, who was Captain Porter's foster son, remained with the ship for the next two years.

Essex capturing Alert.

Essex sailed in South Atlantic waters and along the coast of Brazil until January 1813. On 11 December 1812 she captured the Post Office Packet Service packet Template:Ship as Nocton was returning to England from Rio de Janeiro. The Americans removed the specie that she was carrying (about £16,000) and some of her crew.Template:Efn

Essex then sailed to the Pacific where she decimated the British whaling fleet there. Although her crew suffered greatly from a shortage of provisions and heavy gales while rounding Cape Horn, she anchored safely at Valparaíso, Chile, on 14 March, having seized the whaling schooner Elizabeth, and the Peruvian man-of-war Nereyda along the way. Nereyda had captured two American whalers, Walker and Barclay, only to have the British whaler and privateer Nimrod take Walker. Nereyda had sent Barclay to Callao, where Porter was able to capture her before she could enter port. He sent a disarmed Nereyda back to the Peruvian authorities as a gesture of good will. He searched for Nimrod and Walker, but was unable to find them.<ref>Daughan (2013), Chap. 11.</ref>Template:Efn At Valparaiso Essex landed the crew members that she had taken off Nocton.Template:Sfnp

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In the next five months, Essex captured thirteen British whalers, including Template:USS, (ex-Atlantic) which cruised in company with her captor; Porter put his executive officer, John Downes, in command of Essex Junior. The two ships and nine of their prizes put in at the island of Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas Islands on 25 October 1813 for repairs. While they were there, their crews became involved in a local dispute that resulted in the Nuku Hiva Campaign, which temporarily established the United States' first colony and naval base in the Pacific Ocean. Essex and Essex Junior departed Nuku Hiva in mid-December 1813.

In January 1814, Essex sailed into neutral waters at Valparaíso, only to be trapped there for six weeks by the British frigate Template:HMS (36 guns), under Captain James Hillyar, and the sloop-of-war Template:HMS (18 guns) commanded by Thomas Tucker. On 28 March 1814, Porter determined to gain the open sea, fearing the arrival of British reinforcements. Upon rounding the point, Essex lost her main top-mast to foul weather and was brought to action just north of Valparaíso.<ref name="navy.mil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Porter">Template:Cite news</ref>

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Capture of Essex by HMS Pheobe and Cherub

Despite Porter's complaints to the US Navy on several occasions, Essex was armed almost entirely with powerful but short-range 32-pounder carronades that gave Phoebe, armed with long 18-pounders, a decisive advantage at long range. For Template:Frac hours, Phoebe and Cherub bombarded Essex from long range, where Essex could only resist with her few long 12-pounders. Fires twice erupted aboard Essex, at which point about fifty men abandoned the ship and swam for shore, only half of them landing; the British saved sixteen.<ref name=LG16919/> Eventually, the hopeless situation forced Porter to surrender. Essex had suffered 58 dead and 31 missing of her crew of 214.<ref name="navy.mil"/> The British lost four men dead and seven wounded on Phoebe, and one dead and three wounded on Cherub.<ref name=LG16919>Template:London Gazette</ref>Template:Efn

The then Lieutenant William Bolton Finch was said to have served with distinction on the Essex between 1812 and 1814.<ref name="Africa">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Threedecks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

British service and fate

Because Essex was stored and provisioned for six months, and capable of sailing to Europe without "the slightest cause for alarm",<ref name=LG16919/> Captain Hillyar placed Lieutenant C. Pearson in command of her for the voyage to England, supported by acting lieutenant Allen Francis Gardiner. Essex arrived in England in November.<ref name="NMM-WH-366410">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There, the Admiralty had her repaired and taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Essex.

In service as a prison ship at Kingstown, 1834, Dublin Penny Journal

The Royal Navy never fitted her for sea, but re-classed her as a 42-gun ship. She served as a troopship on 7 July 1819. She was hulked at Cork to serve as a prison ship in Ireland in October 1823,Template:Sfnp and between 1824 and 1834 served in this capacity at Kingstown.<ref name="NMM-WH-366410"/> On 6 June 1837 she was sold at public auction for £1,230.Template:Sfnp

During early 21st century resurfacing work on the east pier of Dún Laoghaire harbour, EssexTemplate:'s permanent mooring anchor was discovered embedded in the pier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Herman Melville wrote about Essex in "Sketch Fifth" in The Encantadas, focusing on an incident off the Galápagos Islands with an elusive British ship. The story was first published in 1854 in Putnam's Magazine.

Patrick O'Brian adapted the story of EssexTemplate:'s attack on British whalers for his novel The Far Side of the World.

The 1950 American film Tripoli is a fictionalized account of the Battle of Derne, and USS Essex is shown in it.

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

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