USS Undine (1863)

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The first USS Undine was a tinclad warship used by the Union Navy in 1864, during the American Civil War. Built in Cincinnati, Ohio, as Ben Gaylord for civilian trade on the Ohio River, Undine was purchased by the Navy in March 1864 and renamed. Converted to a tinclad and commissioned the following month, Undine originally served on the Mississippi River before being transferred to the Tennessee River. In July 1864, the vessel sank after hitting a snag near Clifton, Tennessee, but was refloated a week later. Undine was then involved in an operation at Eastport, Mississippi, on October 10. While responding to the sounds of a fight between Nathan Bedford Forrest's Confederate cavalry raiders and a transport on October 30, Undine was damaged and was surrendered to Forrest's troops. Taken into Confederate service, Undine participated in Forrest's movement against the Union supply depot at Johnsonville, Tennessee. With Undine caught between two Union naval forces, the Confederates burned the captured tinclad on November 4.

Civil War operations

Early activities

The packet steamer Ben Gaylord was built by Captain Uriah B. Scott at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1863. A sternwheel steamer with a wooden hull and a tonnage of 179 tons, Ben Gaylord was intended for use in the civilian trade between the Ohio River towns of Portsmouth, Ohio, and Parkersburg, West Virginia.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn It is known that the vessel had two boilers,Template:Sfn while further information on her dimensions is not available.Template:Sfn On March 7, 1864, the steamer was acquired by the Union Navy for military use in the American Civil War. After the purchase,Template:Sfn which took place at Cincinnati,<ref name="DANFS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> at a cost of $35,600,Template:Sfn she was remained Undine,Template:Sfn after mythical class of water nymphs.<ref name="DANFS" /> Undine was taken to Mound City, Illinois, to be outfitted as a tinclad warship. Her military commissioning occurred at Mound City the month after her purchase. She was under the command of Acting Master John L. Bryant and was armed with eight smoothbore 24-pounder Dahlgren howitzers,Template:Sfn although this armament was not the same for her entire length of service. Undine was given the identification number 55.Template:Sfn

Assigned to the Mississippi River Squadron after commissioning, Undine served on the Mississippi River beginning in May 1864, operating between Natchez, Mississippi, and Fort Adams, Mississippi. She was reassigned and by July was operating on the Tennessee River.<ref name="DANFS" /> On July 25, while near Clifton, Tennessee, Undine struck a snag while backing off of the riverbank and sank. Bryant and his crew were able to remove the ship's armament and most of the ammunition stores. UndineTemplate:'s bow was in a deeper part of the river than the stern; the former was Template:Convert underwater, while the latter was only Template:Convert.Template:Sfn The vessel's armament were used as part of the defenses of Clifton while Undine was raised, a process that was completed on August 1, with the assistance of Little Champion, a pump steamer.<ref name="DANFS" />

On either October 9<ref name="DANFS" /> or October 10, Undine left Clifton along with the tinclad USS Key West and three transports: City of Pekin, Kenton, and Aurora. The transports were carrying troops from the 113th Illinois Infantry Regiment on an expedition to Eastport, Mississippi, as part of operations against the Confederate cavalry raider Nathan Bedford Forrest. The commander of the 113th Illinois failed to scout the area around Eastport after landing on October 10 and the troops were ambushed by part of Forrest's command under Lieutenant Colonel David C. Kelley. Kelley's troops drove the Union soldiers back to the transports in confusion. Undine and Key West provided covering fire, although a contemporary newspaper report in the Chicago Daily Tribune claimed that the two tinclads caused more friendly fire casualties than they inflicted on the Confederates.Template:Sfn The convoy withdrew and reached Paducah, Kentucky, on October 12.<ref name="DANFS" />

Johnsonville

Undine, along with Key West and the tinclads USS Tawah and USS Elfin frequently operated out of Johnsonville, Tennessee.Template:Sfn During October 1864, Forrest's cavalry was raiding along the Tennessee River to damage the Union supply lines in the area and disrupt the Atlanta campaign from a distance.Template:Sfn Undine escorted the transport Anna on October 30 from Johnsonville to Sandy Island.<ref name="DANFS" /> Undine turned back towards Johnsonville, but near Paris Landing, Tennessee, the transport came under fire from some of Forrest's artillery. The transport was damaged but was able to escape to Paducah.Template:Sfn The sounds of the fighting caught the attention of the crew of Undine, and the Union vessel steamed back downriver to investigate. The tinclad came under fire from the Confederates on the west side of the river at Paris Landing, and was severely damaged after a fight of nearly an hour.Template:Sfn One of the Confederate shots caused damage that temporarily put out the tinclad's boiler fires;Template:Sfn another damaged her exhaust system.Template:Sfn

Bryant ordered Undine maneuvered out of range of the Confederates and anchored along the east bank of the Tennessee River. While repairs were going on, Undine came under Confederate small arms fire from across the river, but the Confederates were driven off by the tinclad's artillery after an hour of fighting.Template:Sfn Another Union transport, Venus, came downriver from Johnsonville, and after ignoring warning signals from Undine, came under Confederate fire. This transport was able to reach Undine, but shortly thereafter another transport, J. W. Cheeseman, arrived. Confederate fire knocked out the steering system of J. W. Cheeseman, and the transport drifted to the Confederate side of the river and was captured.Template:Sfn While Confederate troops and the captured crew of J. W. Cheeseman unloaded the transport,Template:Sfn other Confederate troops moved downriver to attack Undine and Venus. Fighting followed for several hours. With damage to UndineTemplate:'s steam pipe and running low on ammunition, Bryant ordered the ship abandoned. Two of her guns were spiked, but attempts to destroy the tinclad failed. Bryant struck his colors at roughly 4:00 p.m.Template:Sfn

Confederate troops crossed the Tennessee on rafts and repaired Undine and Venus enough to bring the steamers to Paris Landing, while J. W. Cheeseman was burned due to the severity of her damage. A Confederate officer with prewar steamboat experience, Captain Frank Gracey, was placed in command of Undine, and some of Forrest's troops were transferred to the two ships to operate them. The cavalrymen steamed the vessels between Paris Landing and the site of Fort Heiman as operational practice.Template:Sfn Early on November 1, Forrest's troops moved out towards Johnsonville, accompanied by Undine and Venus. On the afternoon of November 2, the Key West and Tawah were sent downriver from Johnsonville and encountered the two Confederate-operated ships.Template:Sfn Venus had got ahead of Undine, and after twenty minutes of fighting, the Confederates ran the transport aground and abandoned the ship, which was recaptured by the Union forces. Undine was able to escape downriver.Template:Sfn Meanwhile, a force of six tincladsTemplate:SndUSS Curlew, USS Fairy, USS Paw Paw, USS Victory, USS Brilliant, and USS MooseTemplate:Sndwas coming up from the other end of the Tennessee River.Template:Sfn

Forrest and Undine reached Reynoldsburg Island, which was Template:Convert from Johnsonville, on November 3. Undine was used as a bait to draw the Union tinclads at Johnsonville towards Forrest's artillery,Template:Sfn TawahTemplate:'s commander attempted to attack Undine twice, but the Confederate vessel was able to maneuver away back towards the Confederate batteries.Template:Sfn On the morning of November 4, Undine again moved down towards Johnsonville. The tinclads at Johnsonville advanced towards Undine, hoping to reach the six tinclads further downriver, which were under the command of Lieutenant Commander LeRoy Fitch, but the lead ship, Key West was repeatedly driven back by Confederate artillery fire.Template:Sfn Still, Undine was trapped between the two Union forces, and had been struck by several shots.Template:Sfn Unable to escape, Gracey had Undine scuttled. Oil-soaked mattresses were piled in the ship's magazine and then lit with a lamp.Template:Sfn Gracey and the Confederate crew escaped as Undine went up in flames.Template:Sfn

Forrest's troops opened fire on the Union defenses and depot at Johnsonville later that day, opening the Battle of Johnsonville.Template:Sfn Key West and Tawah suffered severe damage, and the Union troops burned the two gunboats along with Elfin to prevent their capture if Johnsonville fell.Template:Sfn Large quantities of supplies and a number of transports were destroyed at Johnsonville, much of which was burned by the Union forces, although Forrest did not take the town.Template:Sfn A court of inquiry later cleared Bryant and his crew of any blame in the loss of Undine.Template:Sfn The tinclad USS Kate was ordered in June 1865 to "raise or wreck, as the case may require" the wrecks of Undine, Key West, Elfin, Tawah, and three coal barges.Template:Sfn Two of the 24-pounder howitzers were recovered that month, and additional items were salvaged in August.Template:Sfn The area where Undine sank became part of Kentucky Lake in the 1940s, and in the early 21st century the combined efforts of several private and governmental entities located the remains of UndineTemplate:'s burned hull.Template:Sfn

See also

• Anaconda Plan

Sources

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Further reading

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