Ukko
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox deity Template:Lang (Template:IPA),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a thunder and weather god in Finnish mythology, whose vital role is fertilizing fields with his thunder and rain.<ref name=Haavio-1967>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Ill believes that Template:Lang, the Finnic sky god, is the origin of Template:Lang, but that as Template:Lang experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor.<ref name="salo1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Eemil Nestor Setälä also stated that Ukko can't be a very old name for a god and that the thunder god cult among Finns was of Germanic origin.<ref name="aalto"/> According to Martti Haavio, the name Ukko was sometimes used as a common noun or generalised epithet for multiple deities instead of denoting a specific god.<ref name=Haavio-1959>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1789, Christfried Ganander wrote that the forest god Tapio was sometimes honoured with the name Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Ukko is parallel to Uku in Estonian mythology,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> but it is highly debated if such god was ever worshipped in Estonia. According to the Etymological Dictionary of the Finnish Language, the word was loaned into Estonian from Finnish and the first to use it in the sense of a high god was Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald in the 1830s. Kaarle Krohn believed Kreutzwald had confused the Finnish Template:Lang and Ingrian Ukko vak, a sacrifice to Ukko, with the Estonian Template:Lang, a sacrifice to the household spirit. There has also been a mention of sacrificial stones in Estonia called Ukko's stones. According to Oskar Loorits, Kreutzwald had copied "high god Uku" from Finnish Christfried Ganander, but the Ukko cult had many Scandinavian features which had also spread to the coasts of Virumaa, Estonia.<ref name="aalto">Template:Cite book</ref>
Name
Template:Lang, the Finnish word for thunder, is the diminutive form of the name Template:Lang.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn Ukko is Finnish for 'male grandparent', 'grandfather', and 'old man'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to Matthias Castrén, Ukko as the name of a god can't be very old, or at least not the oldest, because it does not exist in a wider Finno-Ugric area apart from Finland, Estonia and, in a slightly modified form, Lapland. The mainly western word Template:Lang (Template:IPA), which has the same meaning as the word Template:Lang, could also be connected to a thunder god: In Uusimaa, Template:Lang (Template:Lit.) has meant thunder. Salo and Uno Harva have also pointed out the Estonian terms Template:Lang 'thunder rain' and Template:Lang 'thunder'. Thunder is also connected to a "grandfather" in Selkup, languages with a distant relation to Finnish, where thunder can be called Template:Lang (Template:Lit.). Sometimes Template:Lang (Template:Lit.) is replaced with Template:Lang (Template:Lit.): Template:Lang (Template:Lit.).<ref name="aalto"/> Similar meaning is found from some of the names of the Sámi thunder god: Aija, Aije, or Aijeke.<ref name="cas">Template:Cite book</ref>
In runic songs, Ukko is also given the epithet Template:Lang (Template:Lit.), which earlier writers have understood meaning Ukko's role as the supreme god and ruler of other gods. Julius Krohn emphasised that Ukko was not the leader of other gods, stating that this hierarchy had been created by Elias Lönnrot. According to Haavio, this epithet refers to Ukko's location: on high in the sky. Haavio also brought up the name Template:Lang which appears in runic songs, suggesting it to be a loan from Slavic languages (compare to Russian and Old Slavonic grom 'thunder').<ref name=Haavio-1967/> The name Template:Lang appeared in Western Finland for a thunder god, loaned from Thor.<ref name="Virrankoski 2009">Template:Cite book</ref> Same might appear in a runic song from White Karelia.<ref name="akka"/>
Other names for Template:Lang include Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'long'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'father'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, archaic form of the above, modern meaning 'great', 'big' or 'large'). These could be euphemisms, as Jacob Fellman wrote the Sámi didn't dare to utter the name of their thunder god when it was thundering, and the same could've been true for Finns. Forest Finns used the euphemisms Template:Lang and Template:Lang, meaning something or someone who is above. A similar meaning for the name of a thunder god exists among the Sámi as Template:Lang,<ref name="akka"/> which might also be loaned as Template:Lang in Savo.<ref name=Haavio-1967/>
A runic song from South Ostrobothnia mentions Pitkämöönen striking fire.<ref name="akka"/> In the same context, another runic song from South Ostrobothnia mentions Väinämöinen in this part,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a runic song from Kainuu mentions Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Origins
In 1782, Christian Erici Lencqvist said Template:Lang seemed to have been the chief god of Finland, which was later repeated by Lönnrot and Castrén. Julius Krohn opposed this view. Kaarle Krohn called Ukko a thunder god who had received features of a Christian protector of everything. Ukko's thunder and refreshing rain were vital for the growth of crops, but he was also asked to help in various kinds of situations, such as labour, weddings, healing the sick, setting cattle on the fields and slaughtering them, hunting, fishing, when in court, etcetera.<ref name=Haavio-1967/> At this point, Ukko had become a ruler of the sky with features of the Christian God.<ref name="sal"/> While making the Kalevala, Lönnrot wanted to emphasise the supposed "good" proto-monotheistic nature of Finnish paganism and began to systemically refer to Ukko as the supreme god.<ref name="sks"/>
Ukko likely developed from Baltic influence which reached Finland with the Corded Ware culture. Later, he was influenced by the Scandinavian thunder god, Thor.<ref name="sks">Template:Cite book</ref> Ukko shares many similarities with Thor as a club or sword wielding ruler of storms and lightning. According to Anna-Leena Siikala, Ukko's importance grew due to the rise of slash-and-burn agriculture, which resulted in the Vakkajuhlat ritual beer festival which was held until the 19th century. This beer festival also had its Baltic equivalents.<ref name="sal">Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Salo, Ukko and Ilmarinen are from their roots the same Indo-European human formed thunder god. Examples of a personified thunder or thunder god can be found among both Finno-Ugrics and Indo-Europeans.<ref name="aalto"/> The one who strikes fire in the origin of fire runic song, and is therefore the lord of the thunderstorm, is typically called Ilmarinen or Template:Lang 'old man of the sky' by forging with eagle (Template:Lang) feathers. While Harva thought Ilmarinen is the primary figure of this position, it alone is not sufficient to categorize Ilmarinen as a true thunder god.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On the other hand, Frog wrote that that the sky god and thunder god likely used to be the same: Ilmari.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Siikala thought Template:Lang was thunder itself, and Ilmarinen would've taken over its role in the song in inland Finland to emphasise the differences between fire, water (Väinämöinen) and air (Ilmarinen). In Latvian mythology, the sky smith (Template:Lang) or a parallel figure of the thunder god or sky god forges so that coals fall into the sea or the river Daugava.<ref name="aalto"/> Though Ukko gained the role of a controller of rain and weather for the purposes of agriculture, Ilmarinen kept a role as a wind god.<ref name="sks"/>
Prior to a human-form thunder deity, it seems that Finns believed thunder to be caused by the thunder eagle. Echoes of this can still be seen with Ilmarinen forging with eagle feathers.<ref name="sks"/> In a runic song from Kuusamo, a spark of fire is born when an eagle's claws hit a rock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This eagle or bird from Pohjola is also able to spit fire, further confirming the thunderbird imagery. Forest Finns believed the eagle to be Ukko's helper, who drove away Ukko and Väinämöinen's enemy, Loho. Loho travelled in a raven-form, bringing wolves with her to devour cattle. To please Ukko, and to keep Loho away, Forest Finns kept a woodgrouse's wing on an altar shelf (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Although portrayed active in myth, when appealed to Template:Lang makes all his appearances in legend solely by natural phenomena.<ref name="salo1"/>
Finnish folklore
Oldest mentions of Ukko were by Mikael Agricola in 1551, who described the Template:Lang festival. It is unclear what he meant by the lines Template:Lang. Early interpreters understood this as a description of thunder god Ukko fighting with his wife, thunder goddess Rauni, which would've then resulted in thunder. Christfried Ganander connected this "Ukko's wife Rauni" to Maaemä (Template:Lit.; also called Akka Template:Lit.).<ref name="akka"/> Haavio disagreed with this, stating that the text written by Agricola which has been used to justify this interpretation is a misunderstanding. He argued that Agricola's text mentioned two completely different gods, a fertility god Template:Lang and his unnamed wife ("wife of Rauni-ukko"), whose copulation would result in fertile fields. According to Haavio, the name Rauni would be a loan and have the same origin as the name Freyr, and the copulation of Rauni-ukko and his wife would be inspired by the Scandinavian story of intercourse between Freyr and Freyja.<ref name="rauni">Template:Cite book</ref> Salo agreed with Haavio on that Rauni was the epithet of Ukko himself, not his wife, but that it still meant the thunder god Ukko instead of a separate fertility god. He suggested the name Rauni could be a corruption of Latin and Greek made by Agricola to connect Ukko to Template:Lang (Greek Template:Lang 'belonging to the thunderbolt, struck by a thunderbolt, hurling thunderbolts, bearer of lightning'; Latin Template:Lang 'thunderbolts'), instead of a name used in folk tradition. In this case, Agricola's fertility-increasing description would refer to a sexual act between heavenly and terrestrial deities, like a spark while striking a thunderstone (Template:Lang 'Ukko's rock') which were vulva-shaped.<ref name="salo1"/>
Rainbow has been called Template:Lang 'Ukko's arch'.<ref name="akka"/> The rowan tree was sacred to Finns, and in Norse mythology, they were sacred to Thor as it was said that the rowan is Thor's saviour: He was able to get out of the Vimur River by grabbing onto a rowan. Swedes thought of the rainbow as a rowan tree, and this belief spread to Estonia as well.<ref name="rauni"/> Because the name Template:Lang sounds like Old Norse Template:Lang 'rowan', a connection made by Setälä, later writers have called rowan a tree sacred to Ukko. According to Kaarle Krohn, as Scandinavians thought the rowan was sacred to Thor, this belief could've spread to Finland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In runic songs, the rowan tree appears as a sacred tree in wedding songs, the rowan's branches full of berries symbolizing a pregnant woman. Rowan berries were also used for different kinds of healing and protection spells. Evil spirits and demons were thought to be afraid of the rowan.<ref name="akka"/>
The "old man in the sky" was also believed to cause thunderstorms by driving his chariot through the skies. Other possible causes of thunder include the rolling of stones or grinding, and there is even a set of verses describing Ukko "threshing in a cabin of fire".<ref name="akka"/>
Template:Lang possessed a weapon, often called Template:Lang 'Ukko's nail' or Template:Lang, meaning a thunderstone (Neolithic stone tools such as battle axes). In spirit with the idea that thunder was originally the thunder eagle for Finns, thunderstones are also called Template:Lang 'Ukko's claw', claws made of stone. He also possessed a fiery arrow, Template:Lang 'Ukko's arrow', and a fiery bow. Runic songs mention him having a golden axe, a golden club, a hammer (Ukonvasara) and a sword. To be noted is that the word for hammer, Template:Lang, originally meant a stone age battle axe. Uno Harva compared Ukko's vaaja to vajrapani held by the Hindu god Indra. Ukko's hammer made of metal is comparable to Thor's weapon Mjölnir, and pendants similar to those of Mjölnir have been unearthed in Finland. Ukko fights against evil beings, be it demons or trolls.<ref name="akka"/> Similar beliefs have been recorded from Estonia, as during thunder, God is thought to strike evil spirits or Vanapagan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The ladybird was also considered sacred to Template:Lang and called Template:Lang 'Ukko's cow'.<ref name="Virrankoski 2009"/> The Finnish name of the great mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is Template:Lang (Template:Lit.), possibly named after Ukko.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Festivals dedicated to Ukko
Template:See also Before the advent of Christianity, the Midsummer festival in Finland, today known as Template:Lang after John the Baptist (Template:Langx), was held in honor of Template:Lang and called Template:Lang (Festival of Ukko). This tradition carried to the 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Also dedicated to Template:Lang were the Template:Lang (Template:Lang festival) also known as Template:Lang (Ukko's Template:Lang) or simply Template:Lang (Template:Langs). Template:Langs were commonly held in May coinciding with the spring sowing. During Template:Langs it was customary to consume or otherwise offer a container or some other vessel (Template:Langx) of an alcoholic beverage or food as sacrifice. It appears that often the festival was held in the community's sacred grove or Template:Lang where an animal sacrifice was sometimes also performed as part of the same festival. This ceremony was believed to guarantee good weather for the coming year and thus a good harvest.<ref name=Haavio-1967/>
It appears that the Template:Lang tradition was rather lively. The last uncontested reports of Template:Langs being held originate in the 19th century, although sporadic reports also surface in the 20th century.<ref name=Haavio-1967/> The festival is also mentioned by the Finnish reformer Template:Lang in his account of what from his point of view was Finnish idolatry.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Eponymy
A number of toponyms in Finland and surrounding regions contain some form of the name Ukko. Template:Expand section
Finland
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Northern Karelia
- Template:Lang (Template:Langx), Lake Inari, Finnish Lapland
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Southern Savonia
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Central Finland
Modern influence
The Weather Channel list of winter storms for 2012 list Template:Lang as one of the alphabetic names they used.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Footnotes
See also
- Template:Lang (Finnish Faith) or Template:Lang (Faith of Ukko), the Finnish polytheistic reconstructionist movement