Union of the Russian People

Template:Short description Template:Infobox political party Template:Conservatism in Russia The Union of the Russian People (URP) (Template:Langx; СРН/SRN) was a loyalist far-right nationalist political party, the most important among Black-Hundredist monarchist political organizations in the Russian Empire between 1905 and 1917.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Since 2005, organizational cells of the Union have been undergoing a revival in Russia and Ukraine.

Founded in October 1905, its aim was to rally the people behind Great Russian nationalism and the Tsar, espousing anti-socialist, anti-liberal, and above all antisemitic views. By 1906, it had over 300,000 members. Its paramilitary armed bands, called the Black Hundreds, fought revolutionaries violently in the streets. Its leaders organised a series of political assassinations of deputies and other representatives of parties which supported the Russian Revolution of 1905.

The Union was dissolved in 1917 in the wake of the February Revolution, and its leader, Alexander Dubrovin, was placed under arrest and died under mysterious circumstances.

Some modern academic researchers view the Union of the Russian People as an early example of fascism.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Pn

Ideology and political views

Government and administration

The Union of the Russian People called for the 'restoration of the popular autocracy', a concept they believed had existed before Russia had been taken over by 'intellectuals and Jews'.Template:Sfn The establishment of the State Duma by Nicholas II was interpreted by the Union's ideologists as the restoration of moral and religious unity between the tsar and his subjects through providing representatives of Orthodox peasants with ability to act as counselors to the monarch.Template:Sfn Supporting the Duma, the Union opposed the rule of bureaucracy, which its leaders claimed to be controlled by "non-Russian elements".Template:Sfn

The Union's political program in the 1906 elections to the Russian State Duma envisioned the provision of equal rights and duties to Cossacks of Poltava, Kiev, Chernigov and Bessarabia Governorates with members of other Cossack hosts. This could be interpreted as a call for the restoration of the Cossack stratum in Ukrainian lands with the goal of using it against Catholic and Polish influences.Template:Sfn Local branches of the Union supported Cossack autonomy of the Don and condemned the government's policy in respect to peripheral regions of the empire, such as Siberia, which they saw as promoting economic exploitation by foreign capitalists to the detriment of the local population.Template:Sfn

Religion and society

The Union has been described as 'an early Russian version of the Fascist movement', as it was anti-socialist, anti-liberal, and 'above all anti-Semitic'.Template:Sfn The Union was above all a movement of 'Great Russian nationalism'.Template:Sfn Its very first aim it had declared to be a 'Great Russia, United and Indivisible'. Its nationalism was based on xenophobia and racism.Template:Sfn

According to its 1906 statute, the Union saw the protection of Orthodoxy, preservation of Autocracy and defense of Nationality as its main goals. It supported the reestablishment of Moscow Patriarchy and provisional of canonical self-government to the Russian Orthodox Church.Template:Sfn Members of the Union opposed the freedom of religion, lobbied a ban on attending Catholic churches for the Orthodox and supported the introduction of anathema for converts into Catholicism, restoration of Orthodox brotherhoods and other measures directed against the Catholic Church.Template:Sfn

On the local level, the Union's activists cooperated with the Orthodox Church, promoting conservative public morals, working to preserve the social order and supporting elements of local self-government. As part of these policies, in some locations members of Orthodox parishes were banned from trading on Christian holidays and having common business with Jews; local activists of the Union campaigned against the consumption of alcohol and prevented the organization of khorovods, vechornytsi and similar events; special peasant patrols were organized to combat thievery, frequently with the use of corporal punishment.Template:Sfn

National minorities

The Union was the leading exponent of antisemitism in the wake of the 1905 Revolution.Template:Sfn Its leaders opposed what they saw as economic domination of the Orthodox majority by Jews, and some of them went as far as to propose the resettlement of all Jews to Palestine.Template:Sfn Antisemitism was brought into the URP by what became the organisation's ideological core, chairman Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Pavel Krushevan, Pavel Bulatsel and some other 'radical temperament anti-Semitic rabble- rousers', who had seceded from the Russian Assembly.Template:Sfn The methods of the Union were not what the Russian Assembly considered proper conduct.Template:Sfn

The Union actively campaigned against Ukrainian self-determination and in particular, against the 'cult' of the popular Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko.<ref name="ReferenceA">ПАНИХИДЫ ПО Т. ШЕВЧЕНКЕ И ЧЕРНОСОТЕННОЕ ДУХОВЕСТВО. Украинская Жизнь. — М., 1912. — № 5 — С. 82.</ref> At the same time, the organization's leaders in ethnic Ukrainian lands, most notably archbishop Antony Khrapovitsky, tended to oppose ethnic nationalism in favour of a broader identity based on the Orthodox Christian faith.Template:Sfn The Union's activists in Ukraine published part of their press in the Ukrainian language and used the memory about Cossacks, elements of Ukrainian folk culture and works by prominent Ukrainian authors, including Shevchenko, as parts of their propaganda.Template:Sfn

Economy

In economic matters, the Union promoted the purchase of lands from feudal owners by the state in order to sell them to poorer peasants on an affordable price. Some representatives of the Union in the State Duma went as far as to demand free provision of land to peasants, which greatly increased the party's popularity.Template:Sfn Papers published by the Union also worked to provide the rural population with information on modern agricultural techniques.Template:Sfn In order to fight against supposed Jewish domination, the Union promoted boycotting of businesses owned by Jews and supported the creation of cooperatives.Template:Sfn

History

Creation

The Union of the Russian people was by far the most important of the extreme rightist groups formed in the wake of the 1905 Revolution.Template:Sfn It was founded in October 1905 as a movement to mobilise and rally the masses against the Left, by the two 'minor government officials' Alexander Dubrovin and Vladimir Purishkevich.Template:Sfn The creation of the movement was personally approved by Emperor Nicholas II.Template:Sfn

1905–06

Five days after the proclamation of the October Manifesto on Template:OldStyleDate, Purishkevich, Apollo Apollonovich Maikov (son of poet Apollon Maykov), Pavel Bulatzel, Baranov, Vladimir GringmutTemplate:Citation needed and some others gathered at Dubrovin's home. At this meeting, they concurred with Dubrovin's idea to set up a political organization (Dubrovin opposed to calling it a party). In a couple of weeks initiators worked out an organisational structure, devised a program, and on Template:OldStyleDate formally announced the founding of the Union of the Russian People. Dubrovin was elected its chairman.Template:Sfn

The Union's Manifesto expressed a 'plebeian mistrust' of every political party, as well as the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia. The group looked at these as obstacles to 'the direct communion between the Tsar and his people'. This struck a deep chord with Nicholas II, who also shared the deep belief in re-establishment of autocratic personal rule, as had existed in the Muscovite state of the 1600s.Template:Sfn It also stood for the russification of non-Russian citizens. The charter was adopted in August 1906.Template:Citation needed

Support

After the 1905 Revolution the Orthodox Church's conservative clergy members allied with extreme Rightist organisations, the Union of the Russian People being one of them, in opposing the liberals' further attempts at a church reform and extension of religious freedom and toleration.Template:Sfn Several prominent, leading church members were also supportive of the organisation, among them the royal family's close friend and future Orthodox Saint John of Kronstadt, Iliodor the monk, and Bishop Hermogenes.Template:Sfn Each local department of the Union of the Russian People had its own khorugvs and icons, which were kept in local cathedrals or monasteries. The opening of the departments of the Union of the Russian People was always accompanied by solemn prayer services, which were served by local bishops, in the person of the latter, the Russian Church gave its official blessing to the Union of the Russian People and recommended the latter to its clerics. In fact, into the orbit of the Union of the Russian People the entire episcopate was involved.<ref>Никольский Н. М. История русской церкви / [Авт. вступ. ст., с. 5-20, и коммент. Н. С. Гордиенко]. - 3-е изд. - М. : Политиздат, 1985. - 448 с., 2 л. ил.; 21 см.. - (Библиотека атеистической литературы). - Библиогр.: с. 436-439. - Указ. имен.: с. 440-446 / с. 207-208</ref> It also had support from leading members of the court and government, one of the supporters being the Minister of the Interior Nikolay Maklakov.Template:Sfn

Tsar Nicholas II was highly supportive of the Union and patronised it:Template:Sfn he wore the badge of the Union, and wished the Union and its leaders 'total success' in their efforts to unite what he called 'loyal Russians' in defence of the autocracy. The Tsar also gave orders to provide funds for the Union, and the Ministry of the Interior complied by funding the Union's newspapers, and also providing them with weapons through secret channels.Template:Sfn Dubrovin was also in contact with senior officials and the secret services of Russia. Minister of the Interior Pyotr Durnovo was completely in the know about the foundation of the UnionTemplate:Sfn while his subordinates actively worked upon creation of an open organisation to counteract the influence of revolutionaries and liberals among the masses. Around the same the head of the political section of gendarmes department Pyotr Rachkovsky reported his chief, Colonel (later General) Template:Ill about such attempts and proposed Gerasimov to introduce him to Dubrovin. Their meeting took place in late October 1905 in the apartment of Rachkovsky.Template:Sfn

With powerful administrative support and funding at their disposal, the Union of the Russian People managed to organise and conduct its first mass public event less than a fortnight after its creation. The first public rally of the URP, with about 2,000 attendance, was held on Template:OldStyleDate in Mikhailovsky Manege, a popular venue in Petersburg. An orchestra was playing, a church choir sang "Praise God" and "Tsar Divine"; leaders of the URP (Dubrovin, Purishkevich, Bulatsel, Nikolsky) addressed the mob from a rostrum erected in the centre of the arena.Template:Citation needed Special guests from the "Russian Assembly": Prince M. N. Volkonsky, journalist from Novoye Vremya Nikolai Engelhardt and two bishops also welcomed the new party with their speeches.Template:Citation needed

Members of the Tsar's court, like Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, Alexander Trepov, and other government officials and clergy members 'unquestionably welcomed a movement such as this'. Sergei Witte was a rare occasion among high-ranking officials being 'unequivocally hostile to the URP'Template:Sfn (in his memoirs he calls Dubrovin a 'high-handed and abusive leader').<ref>The Memoirs of Count Witte, p. 829</ref>

Street fighting

The Union was horrified by Tsar Nicholas II's refusal to strike down harshly on the Leftist revolutionaries. The Union, therefore, decided to organise this for the Tsar, and organised paramilitary bands, which came to be known as the 'Black Hundreds' by the democrats, to fight revolutionaries in the streets. These militant groups marched through the streets holding in their pockets knives and brass knuckles, and carrying religious symbols such as icons and crosses and imperial ones such as patriotic banners and portraits of Tsar Nicholas II.Template:Sfn They marched through the streets fighting to 'revenge themselves' and restore the old hierarchy of society and races. Their numbers were swelled by thousands of criminals who had been released as a part of the October amnesty, who looked at it as a chance of violence and pillaging. Often encouraged by police officers, they beat up suspected democratic sympathisers, making them kneel before tsarist portraits or making them kiss the Imperial flag.Template:Sfn In October 1906, they formed a Black-Hundredist organisation called Russian People United (Template:Langx).Template:Citation needed

1906–1917

Joint electoral campaign poster of the Union of the Russian People and the Union of October 17 (Octobrists Party)

By 1906 the Union had a total of 300,000 members spread over 1,000 different branches.Template:Sfn Most of their supporters came from the social stratum which had either lost – or were afraid of losing – their status in society as a result of reform and modernisation – much like the supporters of fascism – among them working were labourers, policemen and other low-ranking state officials who risked losing their power, and small shopkeepers and artisans who were losing the competition against big business and industry.Template:Sfn By 1907 it is said about up to 900 local URP branches existed in many cities, towns and even villages.Template:Citation needed Apart from the ones named above, the largest were in Kiev, Saratov and Astrakhan; Volhynian Governorate is also mentioned among the largest by the representation of the URP: one-quarter of all members of the organization belonged to its filial based in Pochaiv, Volhynia.Template:Sfn

The Union opposed Stolypin's reforms, being supporters of the 'legitimist bloc' which, through its support in the court, church, nobility and the Union, defeated nearly all of Stolypin's reform proposals.Template:Sfn

The Union also became the main instigator (through meetings, gatherings, lectures, manifestations and mass public prayers) of the pogroms against Jews (especially in 1906 in Gomel, Yalta, Białystok, Odessa, Sedlets and other cities), in which members of the URP often took an active part.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"... Две силы создают погромы: во-первых, черносотенные организации, к тому времени сильно окрепшие, и, во-вторых, крайний правительственный антисемитизм. Первый сам по себе мне представляется не страшным, значение второго было очень грозно. Правительственный антисемитизм, исходя из центра в виде отдельных проявлений известного настроения, по иерархической лестнице доходил до низов правительственного механизма вылитым в прямой призыв к избиениям евреев; ыв подтверждался и выполнялся черносотенными кружками." (A. A. Lopukhin (А. А. Лопухин) "Отрывки из воспоминаний" 1923, p. 85</ref> In the wake of the Beiliss Affair, Nicholas II used the large wave of antisemitism in the population, spread and rallied by groups such as the Union of the Russian People, to rally support for his regime.Template:Sfn It was one of the first to extreme Rightist groups which had proclaimed a charge of ritual murder, and supported the anti-Semitic persecution throughout the trial of Menahem Beiliss.Template:Sfn

In 1908 URP members of the clergy claimed through a petition the right to carry weapons; this petition, however, was denied.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1909 the Union of the Russian People planned to organize a congress in Poltava, dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the victory of Russian troops over the Swedes near the city. However, Nicholas II refused to give a permission to hold the event, as a result of which the Union's authority among the population was greatly diminished.Template:Sfn

In 1908–10, the infighting in the URP broke the organisation into several smaller entities, which were in constant conflict with each other: Union of Archangel Michael (Template:Langx), Union of the Russian People (Template:Langx), Dubrovin's All-Russian Union of the Russian People in Petersburg (Template:Langx), etc.Template:Citation needed After the February Revolution of 1917, all of the Black-Hundredist organisations were forcefully dissolved and banned.Template:Citation needed

Soon after the February Revolution of 1917, the URP was suspended and its leader Alexander Dubrovin was arrested.Template:Citation needed

Party leaders and organisation

File:Groepsfoto van 24 mannen die lid zijn van de 'Vereeniging van 't Russische Volk', SFA004000503.jpg

Group photo of members including Nikolai Markov and Vladimir Purishkevich (1916)

The supreme body of URP was called the Main Council (Template:Langx). Its chairman Alexander Dubrovin had two deputies: noble landowner and future Duma Deputy Vladimir Purishkevich and engineer A. I. Trishatny. From six other board members (Pavel Bulatzel, George Butmi, P. P. Surin and others) four belonged to the merchant estate, and two were peasants by origin. A merchant from Petersburg I. I. Baranov was the treasurer of the URP, and barrister Sergei Trishatny (elder brother of a Deputy Chairman) performed as secretary.Template:Sfn Another leading intellectual of the URP was B. V. Nikolsky, privatdozent (senior lecturer) at Petersburg University.Template:Sfn

The arguably most influential organization of the Union outside of the imperial capitals was active in Kyiv, centre of the Southwestern Krai. The Kyiv Department of the Union of Russian People was led by Anatoly Savenko and Vasily Shulgin as its most prominent members.

Later the Main Council increased to 12 members, among which S. D. Chekalov, M. N. Zelensky, Ye. D. Golubev, N. N. Yazykov, G. A. Slipak are mentioned.Template:Citation needed

Newspapers

URP's chief newspaper was Russkoe znamya (Russian Banner), a newspaper which first published the notorious "Protocols of the Elders of Zion". In provincial Russia The Pochayev Circular (Template:Langx) was the most popular of the URP newspapers. URP also printed its propaganda materials in Moskovskiye Vedomosti ("Moscow News"), Grazhdanin ("Citizen"), Kievlyanin ("Kievan") and others.Template:Citation needed

Modern revival and current activity

Template:Main The Union of the Russian People has seen a revival in Russia since 2005 and has several followers and 17 offices in large cities.<ref name=srn/> The first chairman of the refounded group was Vyacheslav Klykov. The Union's main activities can be described as national patriotism with a strong emphasis on the Russian Orthodox Church and revival of Russian traditions gone into the past after the October Revolution.Template:Citation needed

The Union of the Russian People has also been noticed to exist in Ukraine since at least 2010.<ref>ЧВК и террористы на службе УПЦ МП. Часть 2: Сумская епархия. argumentua.com. 2017-09-08</ref>

See also

• Black Hundreds

Bibliography

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Further reading

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External links

• Programme and Statute of the Union of the Russian People