United National Independence Party

File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-125-10.jpg

Demonstrations by the United National Independence Party (UNIP) during the visit of Iain Macleod (1960)

The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. It governed the country from 1964 to 1991 under the socialist presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, and was the sole legal party in the country between 1973 and 1990. On 4 April 2021, Bishop Trevor Mwamba was elected President of UNIP.

History

UNIP was founded in October 1959 by Mainza Chona as a successor of the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC), banned earlier that year. UNIP was initially led Chona as the ZANC leader, Kaunda, had been imprisoned. Kaunda later assumed power as leader of UNIP after he was released from prison in 1960.

In the general elections, UNIP won 14 seats, in second position, the first being taken by United Federal Party (UFP). Although Northern Rhodesian African National Congress leader Harry Nkumbula had made a secret electoral pact with the UFP, he later opted to form a government with UNIP. After a convincing victory in the Northern Rhodesian general elections in 1964, when UNIP won 55 of the 75 seats, Kaunda became Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia, leading the country to independence on 24 October 1964, when he became president.

In the 1968 general elections, Kaunda was re-elected president with 82% of the vote, and UNIP won 81 of the 105 elected seats in the National Assembly.<ref name=AED>Elections in Zambia African Elections Database</ref>

In 1973, the country became a one-party state with UNIP as the sole legal party, with an amended constitution being promulgated on 25 August 1973.<ref>The Law and Economic Development in the Third World, P. Ebow Bondzi-Simpson Praeger, 1992, page 25</ref> The general election that year described as the final steps in achieving what was called a "one-party participatory democracy". National policy was formulated by the Central Committee of UNIP. According to the constitution, UNIP's president was selected at the party's general conference, and the second-ranking person in the Zambian hierarchy was UNIP's secretary general. The constitution also stipulated that UNIP's president was the sole candidate for president of the republic; he was confirmed in office every five years via a yes/no referendum. Voters chose between multiple UNIP candidates for the 125 parliamentary seats, with three candidates running in each constituency. Kaunda was confirmed as president with 89% of the vote.<ref name=AED/> Elections were held under the same system in 1978, 1983 and 1988, with Kaunda receiving at least 80% of the vote each time.

At the end of 1990, multi-party democracy was reintroduced, and UNIP was roundly defeated in the 1991 general elections by the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD); Kaunda was defeated in the presidential vote by MMD candidate Frederick Chiluba, receiving just 24% of the vote, whilst in the National Assembly elections UNIP won 25 seats to the MMD's 125.<ref name="AED" />

Following changes to the constitution which effectively barred Kaunda from running for president again, UNIP boycotted the 1996 elections, although two members contested National Assembly seats. The party returned to contest the 2001 elections with Kenneth Kaunda's son, Tilyenji, as its presidential candidate; he received 10% of the vote, finishing fourth out of the eleven candidates. In the National Assembly elections, the party won 13 seats.<ref name=AED/>

Prior to the 2006 elections, the party joined the United Democratic Alliance alongside the other two largest opposition parties. United Party for National Development leader, Hakainde Hichilema, was the alliance's presidential candidate, finishing third. The alliance won just 26 seats in the National Assembly, down from the 74 the three parties had won in 2001.

UNIP did not contest the 2008 presidential by-election, but nominated Tilyenji Kaunda as its presidential candidate for the 2011 elections. Kaunda received less than 1% of the vote, finishing sixth in a field of ten candidates. The party also failed to win a seat in the National Assembly, receiving only 0.7% of the vote.<ref name=AED/> Kaunda ran in the 2015 presidential by-election, but again received less than 1% of the vote. Tilyenji Kaunda remained the party's presidential candidate for the 2016 general elections, but he received only 0.24% of the vote, with the party again failing to win a seat in the National Assembly.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Result
1968	Kenneth Kaunda	1,079,970	81.8%	Elected Template:Y
1973		581,245	88.8%	Elected Template:Y
1978		1,026,127	80.7%	Elected Template:Y
1983		1,453,029	95.4%	Elected Template:Y
1988		1,414,000	95.5%	Elected Template:Y
1991		311,022	24.24%	Lost Template:N
2001	Tilyenji Kaunda	175,898	10.12%	Lost Template:N
2006	Supported Hakainde Hichilema (UDA)	693,772	25.32%	Lost Template:N
2011	Tilyenji Kaunda	9,950	0.36%	Lost Template:N
2015		9,737	0.58%	Lost Template:N
2016		8,928	0.24%	Lost Template:N
2021	Trevor Mwamba	3,036	0.06%	Lost Template:N

National Assembly elections

Election	Party leader	Votes		%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1962	Kenneth Kaunda	Upper roll	4,519	14.79%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Increase 14	Template:Increase 2nd	rowspan="2" Template:No2
		Lower roll	59,648	78.16%
1964		Main roll	570,612	69.1%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Increase 41	Template:Increase 1st	rowspan="2" Template:Yes2
		Reserved roll	6,177	35.2%
1968		657,764		73.2%		Template:Increase 26	Template:Steady 1st	Template:Yes2
1973		527,252		100%		Template:Increase 44	Template:Steady 1st	Template:Yes2
1978				100%		Template:Steady	Template:Steady 1st	Template:Yes2
1983				100%		Template:Steady	Template:Steady 1st	Template:Yes2
1988				100%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Steady	Template:Steady 1st	Template:Yes2
1991		314,711		24.99%		Template:Decrease 100	Template:Decrease 2nd	Template:No2
1996	Tilyenji Kaunda	477		0.04%		Template:Decrease 25	Template:Decrease 9th	Template:Eliminated
2001		185,535		10.59%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Increase 13	Template:Increase 4th	Template:No2
2006		610,608		22.51%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Increase 13	Template:Increase 3rd	Template:No2
2011		18,446		0.68%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Decrease 26	Template:Decrease 6th	Template:Eliminated
2016		7,253		0.20%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Steady	Template:Decrease 9th	Template:Eliminated
2021	Trevor Mwamba	12,742		0.26%	Template:Composition bar	Template:Steady	Template:Increase 7th	Template:Eliminated