Véronique (rocket)

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox rocket

Véronique was a French liquid-fuelled sounding rocket of the 1950s. It was the first liquid-fuel research rocket in Western Europe.<ref name="ley196406">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Véronique was a French-led project that had its roots in the German V-2 rocket, and was partially developed by German scientists who had worked in Peenemünde. A successor to the cancelled Super V-2, Véronique was built between 1950 and 1969 in several versions, of which the P2, P6 and R were only experimental models. They were made in Vernon, Eure. The name Véronique is a portmanteau of Vernon-électronique, and is also a common French first name.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 20 February 1959, the first Véronique launch was performed, although it was recorded as a failure. One day later, the second launch took place, which attained an altitude of Template:Convert. The last Veronique-61 was launched on 31 May 1974. The programme was eclipsed by new rockets, such as the wholly indigenous Diamant launcher.

History

Background

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, various nations were keen to incorporate recent military advances into their own armed forces; the newly liberated nation of France was no exception.<ref name = "Reuter 179"/> Akin to the American's Operation Paperclip, France recruited various scientists and skilled personnel from the former Axis countries, particularly those with knowledge of advanced aerospace technologies. Amongst these were in excess of 30 staff that had formerly worked at Peenemünde, the hub of the Nazi German rocket programme that produced the V-2 rocket.<ref name = "Reuter 179">Reuter 2000, p. 179.</ref>

During mid-1946, France embarked on development of a V-2 derivative, popularly referred to as the Super V-2.<ref name = "Reuter 179"/> This programme involved two distinct phases, the first being the establishment of appropriate facilities to produce V-2 components – this was partially achieved via the acquisition of most of the components for roughly 30 V-2s, either from subcontractors in France or sourced from the French zone of occupation in Germany. Surveys for a suitable launch facility in Algeria were also conducted, opting for a site near Colomb-Bechar (CIEES).<ref name = "Reuter 179"/>

However, major problems with the Super V-2 programme had become clear by early 1947.<ref name = "Reuter 17980">Reuter 2000, pp. 179–180.</ref> France's allies were unwilling to supply V-2 components, yet establishing a completely independent production of all components in France was estimated to take at least five years, by which point the Super V-2 was expected to have become obsolete. Thus, it was decided that two separate programmes would be pursued; in addition to work on the Super V-2, a purely French derivative, initially referred to as project 4212, would be designed by a separate team.<ref name = "Reuter 180">Reuter 2000, p. 180.</ref> During 1948, the Super V-2 project was abandoned in favour other efforts, cumulating in project 4213, a one-tenth scale rocket that was given the name Veronique, a portmanteau of Vernon et electronique.<ref name = "Reuter 1801">Reuter 2000, pp. 180–181.</ref>

During March 1949, work formally commenced on Veronique.<ref name = "Reuter 181">Reuter 2000, p. 181.</ref> The project had the primary objective of delivering a flight test vehicle for liquid rocket engine development; a secondary purpose was the launching of scientific payloads at high altitudes. Principal responsibility for manufacturing was held by the Laboratoire de recherches balistiques et aérodynamiques (LRBA).<ref name = "Reuter 181"/>

Into flight

File:DEFA Veronique rockets.png
DEFA Veronique rockets
File:Véronique rocket habitat @ Musée du Service de Santé des Armées @ Val-de-Grâce @ Paris (32732123665).jpg
Véronique rocket habitat
File:Veronique Musee du Bourget.JPG
Véronique rocket at Musée de l'air et de l'espace

Partial system tests were conducted in 1951 and early 1952 (Veronique P and R (Réduite)).<ref name="Reuter 181" /><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, it was not until May 1952 that the first full-scale Véronique-N (Normal) was launched.<ref name=":0" /> It was powered by a single liquid-fuelled rocket motor with a thrust of four tonnes; its fuel was a combination of kerosene and nitric acid.<ref name="Reuter 181" /> Veronique employed a unique wire-guidance system that used four 55 m cables attached to its fins immediately upon launch. Initially, the rocket motor suffered from combustion instability, which became a leading cause of early launch failures; furthermore, the maximum altitude of 65 km was found to be insufficient for many scientific purposes.<ref name="Reuter 181" />

Accordingly, it was decided to undertake a lengthy development programme throughout the 1950s which produced numerous other models were produced for specific purposes.<ref name="Reuter 181" /> The Véronique AGI (Année Géophysique Internationale) was developed as a sounding rocket, a total of 15 such rockets were constructed using subsidies provided by the French National Defense Scientific Action Committee.<ref name=":0" /> This model was largely similar to the Véronique-N, had had a reduced empty weight, and a simplified engine that used turpentine fuel in place of kerosene.<ref name="Reuter 181" /> A lengthened model, the Véronique NA (Normale Allongée),<ref name=":0" /> enabled an altitude of 135 km to be reached; it also features a modified engine injector that had greater stability. A pair of Véronique P2 test vehicles were produced to experiment with the wire-guidance system.<ref name="Reuter 181" />

The definitive version was the Veronique-61 (1961),<ref name=":0" /> which featured substantial improvements such as a 50% increase in thrust. It was a far larger rocket, capable of carrying a 60 kg payload to an altitude of 315 km.<ref name="Reuter 181" /> A lengthened version, the Veronique-61M (Modifié),<ref name=":0" /> was also produced, suitable for carrying payloads of up to 100 kg.<ref name="Reuter 1812" /> On 8 June 1964, the first was launched; the last Veronique-61 was launched on 31 May 1974. Of the 21 launches performed, 20 were considered to be failures to varying degrees.<ref name="Reuter 1812">Reuter 2000, pp. 181–182.</ref>

Amongst the tests in aid of scientific research that were conducted using the rocket were a series of biological experiments involving live animals.<ref name = "burg dubb2202">Burgess and Dubbs 2007, pp. 220–222.</ref> On account of the available payload capacity and thrust output available via Véronique, the use of larger animals was not possible, thus rats and cats were used; these were carried within a sealed container within the rocket's nose cone which was designed to be retrievable and for the return of its occupant alive. One consequence of these flights was the only recorded launch of a cat into space.<ref name = "burg dubb2228">Burgess and Dubbs 2007, pp. 222–228.</ref>

By 1965, the Véronique had begun to be eclipsed by a newer rocket, which was also entirely indigenously designed, the Diamant expendable launch system.<ref name = "Reuter 182">Reuter 2000, p. 182.</ref>

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Variants

Five Veronique versions were developed:<ref name=":0" />

Type Mass Length Diameter Thrust Duration Payload Apogee
Veronique N Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert 32 seconds Template:Convert Template:Convert
Veronique NA Template:Convert Template:Convert 45 seconds Template:Convert Template:Convert
Veronique AGI Template:Convert Template:Convert 49 seconds Template:Convert Template:Convert
Veronique 61 Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert 54 seconds Template:Convert Template:Convert
Veronique 61M Template:Convert Template:Convert 56 seconds Template:Convert Template:Convert

Launches

Veronique rockets were launched from 1950 to 1975:<ref name=":0" />

See also

References

Citations

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:French rockets

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