Venstre (Denmark)
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party
Template:LangTemplate:Efn (Template:IPA, Template:Literal translation, V), full name Template:Lang (Template:Langx), is a conservative-liberal,<ref name="Kirchner1988">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Slomp2011">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Nordsieck"/> agrarian<ref name="KildalKuhnle2007">Template:Cite book</ref> political party in Denmark. Founded as part of a peasants' movement against the landed aristocracy, today it espouses an economically liberal, pro-free-market ideology.<ref name="BengtssonHansen2013">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Lang is the major party of the centre-right in Denmark, and the second-largest party in the country. The party has produced many Prime Ministers. In the 2022 general elections, Template:Lang received 13.3% of the vote and 23 out of 179 seats. Following the resignation of Jakob Ellemann-Jensen, the party is led by Troels Lund Poulsen who serves as the country's Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since December 2022, the party has been a junior partner in the second Frederiksen government.
The party is a member of Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) and has four MEPs in the European Parliament.<ref name="Denmark-Results">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
1870–1910
Venstre was founded in 1870 under the name "Det Forenede Venstre" (Template:Lit). Originally, the party consisted of multiple conflicting groups, all united under the classical liberal (then the standard left-wing) ideology, the safeguarding of farmers' interests and opposition to the then right-wing classical conservative party Højre (literally "Right"). After the party in 1872 gained an absolute majority in the Folketing, it became the leading voice in the battle for parliamentarism, whereafter the party in 1895 split in two, Venstrereformpartiet ("Venstre Reform Party") and Det Moderate Venstre ("The Moderate Left"). In 1905, social liberal factions split from the party and formed Radikale Venstre (also known as the Danish Social Liberal Party), and in 1910 Venstrereformpartiet and Det Moderate Venstre reunited again under the name Venstre.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
1910–2009
With the decreasing numbers of farms and the growing urbanisation, membership and voter support dropped in the 1950s. During the 1960s the party gradually evolved from being a traditional farmers' party to a more general liberal party. In 1984 Uffe Ellemann-Jensen was elected chairman, and by profiling the liberal ideology in sharp confrontation to the Social Democrats, for example by campaigning for a reduction of the public sector, increasing market management and privatisation, and by being pro-EU, the party returned to its historical position as the biggest liberal party in the 1990s.<ref name=":0" />
After a disappointing 1998 general election, Ellemann-Jensen resigned as chairman and Anders Fogh Rasmussen was elected in his place. He immediately changed the party's usual confrontational strategy, instead appealing to the political centre. In the 2001 general elections the party campaigned for tighter immigration policies and a "tax stop", which proved successful and the party once again became the biggest in parliament, winning 31.2% of the vote and 56 seats. Venstre formed a coalition government with the Conservative People's Party and the Danish People's Party. For the first time since 1929 a liberal government was no longer dependent on the centre parties. Despite a small decline in both the 2005 general elections (29% and 52 seats) and the 2007 general elections (26.2% and 46 seats), the party remained the biggest and the coalition government continued.<ref name=":0" />
On 5 April 2009, Fogh Rasmussen resigned as chairman, instead serving as Secretary General of NATO. In his place Lars Løkke Rasmussen was elected.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2009–present
In the 2011 general elections, the party gained 26.7% of the vote and 47 seats, but was not able to form a government, instead leading the opposition against Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt's Social Democratic coalition.Template:Citation needed
Even though the party lost voter support in the 2015 general elections, only gaining 19.5% of the vote, the party formed a minority government. This government was short-lived, and in 2016 Løkke Rasmussen invited the Conservative People's Party and the Liberal Alliance to form a coalition government instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the campaign of the 2019 general elections, Løkke Rasmussen published an autobiography, in which he opened up for the possibility of forming a government with the Social Democrats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This was seen as controversial in the liberal "blue bloc", and Social Democratic leader Mette Frederiksen immediately declined the proposition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Following internal fighting in the party, Løkke Rasmussen and vice chairman Kristian Jensen both resigned on 31 August 2019. On 21 September 2019, political spokesman and former Minister for Environment and Food Jakob Ellemann-Jensen was elected the party's next chairman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Following the 2022 general election, in which Venstre suffered its worst result since 1988, Venstre joined a grand coalition government led by Social Democrat leader Mette Frederiksen, and also comprising the Moderates, a Venstre splinter formed by former Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Ideology
Venstre is categorised as centre-right on the political spectrum,<ref name="Colomer2008" /> although it has been also described as centrist<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and right-wing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Parteiensysteme" /> Ideologically, it has been described as conservative-liberal,<ref name="Einhorn2023">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kirchner1988" /><ref name="Slomp2011" /><ref name="Nordsieck" /><ref name="Parteiensysteme" /><ref name="Spierings2019">Template:Cite book</ref> liberal-conservative,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> liberal,<ref name="Süddeutsche">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> conservative,<ref name="Parteiensysteme">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> classical-liberal,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and agrarian.<ref name="Parteiensysteme" /> Additionally, Venstre takes a nativist stance regarding immigration and asylum-seeking; they had also said that "immigrants should learn Danish and understand and respect Danish culture and traditions".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Venstre is an economically liberal party<ref name="Süddeutsche" /><ref name="Almeida2012">Template:Cite book</ref> within the Nordic agrarian tradition,<ref name="almeida">Template:Cite web</ref> and today is notably more pro–free market than its sister parties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Update inline Since the elections in 2001, Venstre has enacted a so-called "tax stop" in order to halt the growth in taxes seen during the previous eight years under the Social Democrats. This tax stop has been under heavy fire from the parties on the left bloc of Danish politics, allegedly for being "asocial" and "only for the rich."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Organization
Name and terms
The fact that the major centre-right political party in a country calls itself 'Left' is often confusing to foreign (and sometimes Danish) observers. The name has, however, its historical explanation. At the time of its foundation, Venstre affirmed then-progressive ideas in the Danish parliament. Their opponents, Højre (Right), the forerunner of the present-day Conservative People's Party, advocated for established interests, particularly the Church of Denmark and the landed gentry. In current Danish politics there is a clear distinction between the concepts of Venstre (Left, i.e., the party bearing that name) and venstrefløj (left wing, i.e., socialist and other left-leaning parties). The use of the word for "left" in the name of the Danish political party Radikale Venstre (literally: "Radical Left") and the Norwegian party Venstre is meant to refer to liberalism and not socialism.
Members of the party are referred to as venstremænd and venstrekvinder, respectively "Venstre men" and "Venstre women" (singular: -mand, -kvinde).
Leadership
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Prime ministers
- Johan Henrik Deuntzer (24 July 1901Template:Snd14 January 1905)
- Jens Christian Christensen (14 January 1905Template:Snd12 October 1908)
- Niels Neergaard (12 October 1908Template:Snd16 August 1909)
- Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg (16 August 1909Template:Snd28 October 1909)
- Klaus Berntsen (5 July 1910Template:Snd21 June 1913)
- Niels Neergaard (5 May 1920Template:Snd23 April 1924)
- Thomas Madsen-Mygdal (14 December 1926Template:Snd30 April 1929)
- Knud Kristensen (7 November 1945Template:Snd13 November 1947)
- Erik Eriksen (30 October 1950Template:Snd30 September 1953)
- Poul Hartling (19 December 1973Template:Snd13 February 1975)
- Anders Fogh Rasmussen (27 November 2001Template:Snd5 April 2009)
- Lars Løkke Rasmussen (5 April 2009Template:Snd3 October 2011; 28 June 2015Template:Snd27 June 2019)
Youth and student wings
- Venstres Ungdom
- Liberal Students of Denmark (Danmarks Liberale Studerende)
European affiliation and representation
In the European Parliament, Venstre sits in the Renew Europe group with four MEPs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the European Committee of the Regions, Venstre sits in the Renew Europe CoR group, with three full and four alternate members for the 2025–2030 mandate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Election results
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Parliament
Local elections
European Parliament
| Year | List leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | Tove Nielsen | 252,767 | 14.48 (#3) | Template:Composition bar | New | LD |
| 1984 | 248,397 | 12.48 (#4) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 1 | LDR | |
| 1989 | Niels Anker Kofoed | 297,565 | 16.63 (#3) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 1 | |
| 1994 | Eva Kjer Hansen | 394,362 | 18.96 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 1 | ELDR |
| 1999 | Bertel Haarder | 460,834 | 23.39 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 1 | |
| 2004 | Karin Riis-Jørgensen | 366,734 | 19.36 (#2) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 2 | ALDE |
| 2009 | Jens Rohde | 474,041 | 20.24 (#2) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Steady 0 | |
| 2014 | Ulla Tørnæs | 379,840 | 16.68 (#3) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 1 | |
| 2019 | Morten Løkkegaard | 648,203 | 23.50 (#1) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 2 | RE |
| 2024 | 360,212 | 14.72 (#3) | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 2 |
See also
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Liberalism worldwide
- List of liberal parties
- Liberal democracy
- Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark
- Nordic agrarian parties
Notes
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References
Further reading
- Tom Matz (2004), Venstre ved du hvor du har Template:In lang. ForlagsKompagniet: Nørhaven Book.
External links
- Template:In lang Venstre official site
- Denmark's Liberal Party presentation in English
- Template:In lang Party Profile from the newspaper Politiken
- Venstre Reform Party program of 1909 (from Danish Wikisource)
Template:Renew Europe Template:ELDR member parties Template:Danish political parties
- Pages with broken file links
- 1870 establishments in Denmark
- Liberal parties in Denmark
- Political parties established in 1870
- Classical liberal parties
- Conservative liberal parties
- Liberal conservative parties
- Full member parties of the Liberal International
- Neoliberal parties
- Agrarian parties in Denmark
- Pro-European political parties in Denmark
- Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party member parties