Vero - Wikipedia:Citation templates
Template:Short description Template:Bots Template:Self reference Template:See also Template:Wikipedia how-to
Citation templates are used to format reference citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations manually. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to consensus. Since templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus; see WP:CITECONSENSUS and WP:CITEVAR. The various citation templates may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.
WP:DUPLINK and WP:OVERLINK do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as The New York Times, rather than The New York Times.
Use in footnotes
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it has to be enclosed in Template:Tag tags. In VisualEditor, a reference citation can be automatically inserted this way with formatting using the Template:Menu icon button found in the VisualEditor toolbar. (See Help:Introduction to referencing with VisualEditor § Adding references.) In the 2017 wikitext editor, the same button can be used to automatically generate markup.
If this is on a newly created page or if the page has no references previously cited (e.g., a section named "References" containing Template:Tl), it is necessary to create a section usually named "References" or "Notes" near the end of the page as per the page order at MOS:ORDER; see WP:FNNR and MOS:APPENDIX for the style guideline on naming a section:
Template:Sxhl or <syntaxhighlight lang=wikitext>==Notes== Template:Reflist</syntaxhighlight>
Using the same footnote multiple times
Template:Further
Add a name attribute when creating a footnote Template:Tag. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression Template:Tag.
Using multiple pages from the same source
Template:Further When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of duplicating the citation. One method is Template:Sfnote, which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the "References" section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template Template:Tl appended after the closing ref tag, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each citation in the article body. This would result, for example, in the insertion of text such as Template:Rp, directing readers specifically to page 234 of the source named in the relevant footnote.
Creating links to citations
Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates Template:Tl, Template:Tl, Template:Tl, Template:Tl, etc. For example, this "Template:Harvnb" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when using shortened footnotes.<ref>Parenthetical referencing may also use wikilinks to citation templates, but inline parenthetical referencing was deprecated in September 2020. In contrast to parenthetical referencing or shortened footnotes, citations using the footnote system don't require wikilinks of course, as the inline citations in this method simply appear as numbers within the text, linking to a list of full citations (and notes) at the end of the article (like this).</ref> (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references.)
Using commas rather than periods
Template:Tl creates a citation in the same format as most of the Template:Cs1 templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by Template:Tl can be found at Template:Tl. The parameter Template:Para can be used to alter the punctuation.
Using the quote parameter
{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}
The quote parameter may be used to include short, directly relevant excerpts from a source to support article content. It is not typically used, but can provide clarity for verification around specific facts sourced to a lengthy text; to eliminate ambiguity around controversial, disputed, or extraordinary claims; or in cases when a source is not available online. In addition, sources that are not readily available to readers because they are off-line or behind a paywall may meet the requirements of WP:DYKCITE by providing "a direct quotation from the source". If an article is a WP:DYK nominee, the quote parameter can be used to satisfy this requirement.
To comply with fair use, material in the quote parameter must not reproduce significant portions of the source. In addition, material must be directly relevant to the content it's being used to support and the quote parameter must not be used to introduce extraneous or supplemental facts.
An example of appropriate use of the quote parameter is seen in endnote 5 of version 1295435336 of the Blankspot article.
Examples
Template:Category see also Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video, editorial comics, etc.
- For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g. Template:Tl or Template:Cite xxx) in the "template" column of the table below.
- Required field(s) are indicated in bold
- Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
- Following each example is the resulting article text.
For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Wikipedia:Citation tools.
Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Wikipedia:Footnotes.
| Source | Template | Common usage | Examples | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| book | Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite book </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite book </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite book <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite book </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite book | |||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||||||||||||
| journal paper thesis dissertation See also Template:Tl |
Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite journal </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite journal </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite journal <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite journal </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite journal | |||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl journal (or periodical) |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||||||||||||
| website | Template:Tl title url |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} </syntaxhighlight> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} </syntaxhighlight> (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g. Template:Para or Template:Para.) <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{cite web |
last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James E. Hansen | first2 = R. | first3 = M. | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | website = NASA.gov | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}}
</syntaxhighlight> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}} |
| Template:Tl title url |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{Citation |
first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | first2 = R. | first3 = M. | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}}
</syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||
| comic book | Template:Tl<ref name="CiteComic">
Notes on Template:Tl:
</ref> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite comic </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite comic </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite comic | |||||||||||||||||
| comic strip | Template:Tl<ref name="CiteComic"/> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite comic </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite comic </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite comic | |||||||||||||||||
| conference report or paper |
Template:Tl title book-title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite conference </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite conference </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite conference <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite conference </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite conference | |||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl contribution title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||||||||||||
| court case (legal decision) | Template:Tl |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite court </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite court </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite court | |||||||||||||||||
| dictionary, encyclopedia, other edited collection |
Template:Tl title dictionary |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite dictionary </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite dictionary </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite dictionary | |||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl title encyclopedia |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite encyclopedia </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite encyclopedia </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite encyclopedia <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite encyclopedia </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite encyclopedia | ||||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl contribution=name of article |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||||||||||||
| episode (television or radio) |
Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite episode </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> {{cite episode |
title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = BBC | station = BBC Two | city = Sheffield, ... | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}}
</syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite episode <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite episode </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite episode | |||||||
| mailing list | Template:Tl title url |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite mailing list </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite mailing list </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite mailing list | |||||||||||||||||
| map | Template:Tl author date (or year) title publisher |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite map </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite map </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite map <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite map </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite map | |||||||||||||||||
| news article | Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite news </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite news </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite news <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite news </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite news | |||||||||||||||||
| Template:Tl newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical) |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Citation </syntaxhighlight> Template:Citation | ||||||||||||||||||
| newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY) |
Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite newsgroup </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite newsgroup </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite newsgroup <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite newsgroup </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite newsgroup | |||||||||||||||||
| patent | Template:Tl inventor-last |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite patent </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;">
Template:Cite patent </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite patent | |||||||||||||||||
| press release | Template:Tl title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite press release </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite press release </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite press release <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite press release </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite press release | |||||||||||||||||
| video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.) |
Template:Tl people title |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite AV media </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite AV media </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite AV media <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite AV media </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite AV media | |||||||||||||||||
| video game | Template:Tl title developer |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite video game </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite video game </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite video game | |||||||||||||||||
| Wikidata | Template:Tl QID (Q number) |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite Q </syntaxhighlight> |
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow:auto; white-space:pre; width:auto;"> Template:Cite Q </syntaxhighlight> Template:Cite Q |
Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples
These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported: Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl · Template:Tl (an up-to-date list is at Help:Citation Style 1). To use the links, the template must define Template:Para (or Template:Para) and Template:Para (or Template:Para).
| What to type | What it makes |
|---|---|
==Notes== |
|
Templates used within Template:Tag tags or within the Template:Tl family of templates:
|
|
|
Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within Template:Tag tags or within the Template:Tl family of templates:
</nowiki> |
Harvcol templates |
Variations
Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g. Template:Harvnb) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations.
There are three primary ways to format individual full citations:
- By hand. These are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes, each individual full citation can be surrounded with Template:Tl to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
- Using the Template:Cs1 templates, such as Template:Tl, Template:Tl, Template:Tl, or Template:Tl.
- Using the generic Template:Tl template.
The main differences between the generic Template:Tl template and the specific Template:Cs1 templates are:
- The Template:Cs1 templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while Template:Tl separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the Template:Para and Template:Para parameters.)
- Not all Template:Cs1 templates can easily be replaced by the Template:Tl template. Generally, any Template:Cs1 template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
- Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed Template:Tl template, with Template:Para for the article name and Template:Para for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in Template:Tl are named <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">contribution</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">title</syntaxhighlight>, respectively.
There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (see Help:Citations quick reference for a tabular comparison of these three ways):
- Footnotes. These simply place the citation inside of a Template:Tag reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using Template:Tl, which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using
<ref name="foo">...</ref>the first time, and just<ref name="foo"/>elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the Template:Tl template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number. - Footnotes with list-defined references. All inline citations take the form
<ref name="foo"/>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form<ref name="foo">...</ref>, all of which are surrounded by<references>...</references>. - Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full citation appearing in the footnote, a short form appears (e.g. Template:Harvnb), giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in (typically) alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.
When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references:
- Insert manual links. These look like e.g.
<ref>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</ref>. If a citation template is used for the full reference, the anchor (e.g.#CITEREFPereira2006) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with Template:Tl to attach the anchor to it. - Insert links using a Harvard citation template, e.g.
<ref>See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>. This will insert a footnote into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. Other variations of the Harvard citation templates format the short citation differently. - Use the Template:Tlx template for the whole of the footnote. The Template:Tlx template creates its own named Template:Tag tags: Template:Tlx is exactly equivalent to Template:Tag which is itself equivalent to Template:Tag.
See also WP:Footnotes and WP:Citing sources for general information, and WP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.
Discussing citations on talk pages
When citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations, or the text you have added, with Template:Tl. Template:Pre This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header References at the position where the template was inserted; otherwise the citations (and any others in the talk page) will be listed at the end of the talk page, below all sections. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.
See also
- Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles for templates about citation-related problems in articles
- Help:Citation merging for bundling multiple citations into a single footnote
- Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations
- WP:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources
Notes
Template:Wikipedia referencing Template:Wikipedia help pages Template:Wikipedia technical help