Victor Ninov

Victor Ninov (Template:Langx; born 27 June 1959) is a Bulgarian physicist and former researcher who worked primarily in creating superheavy elements. He is known for the co-discoveries of elements 110, 111, and 112 (darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium, respectively).<ref name=":1"/>

Ninov also claimed the creation of elements 116 and 118 (now livermorium and oganesson);<ref name=":8" /><ref name="NYT20021015" /> however, an investigation conducted by the University of California, Berkeley concluded that he had falsified the evidence. The repercussions of the affair had an impact on the guidelines of conduct for several research institutions.

Early life

Victor Ninov was born in Bulgaria in 1959.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> He grew up in the capital city of Sofia.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1970s, when Ninov was a teenager, he and his family left for West Germany,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Shortly after the move, Victor's father went missing; he was found dead six months later in the Bulgarian foothills due to causes unknown.<ref name=":0" />

Career

Victor Ninov attended Technische Universität Darmstadt near Frankfurt, Germany.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He distinguished himself as a very capable physicist: he was particularly good at building scientific instruments and coding analysis programs for them.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

He was hired by the nearby German research center GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung), where he completed his doctorate and pursued postdoctoral work creating new elements.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

For his expertise, he was given sole control of the computer analysis program.<ref name=":0" /> Here, he became a rising star by co-discovering darmstadtium (element 110), roentgenium (element 111), and copernicium (element 112) by smashing ion beams into heavy elements using GSI's UNILAC (a type of particle accelerator) and analyzing the debris.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/> Though an investigation later determined that the discovery of elements 110 and 112 included samples fabricated by Ninov, the overall results were validated on further examination, rendering his co-discovery legitimate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Rg27202Ho01">Template:Cite journal</ref> These discoveries were facilitated by Ninov's addition of a gas separator to the particle accelerator to help filter out everything but the heavy elements they were looking for.

After working at Stanford University, Ninov<ref name=":3"/> was hired by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in 1996 as a world class expert in particle accelerator debris sensors and analysis programs.<ref name=":0" />

Fraud investigation

While working at LBNL, Ninov and his team pursued a hypothesis by Robert Smolańczuk, then a visiting fellow from Poland on a Fulbright scholarship,Template:Cn that element 118 could be formed at relatively low energies by smashing ⁸⁶Kr and ²⁰⁸Pb isotopes together.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0"/> This hypothesis was dubbed "Robert's magic recipe", and it was highly controversial at the time.Template:Cn Ninov initially doubted the hypothesis he was pursuing; he is quoted as saying, "We didn't know how many orders of magnitude he [Smolańczuk] was wrong".<ref name=":0" />

As in some earlier research projects, Ninov had exclusive control of the data analysis program (LBNL's was called GOOSY) since he was the only team member who knew how to use it.<ref name=":0" /> In 1999, Ninov and his team reported sightings of element 118, almost exactly as in Smolańczuk's hypothesis, and a decay chain that also produced element 116.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2" /> However, other laboratories were unable to reproduce the results.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Eager to prove their discovery, the team double-checked their instruments, and tried again.<ref name=":0"/> One more sighting was made by Ninov, but it was dismissed by a colleague and a formal investigation was launched.<ref name=":0" /> The original element 118 data were independently analysed. In the original binary data, there was no indication of the presence of element 118 or 116.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":5"/> The investigation eventually concluded that Ninov had fabricated the data.<ref name=":5" />

Ninov, who had been placed on leave for the investigation, was dismissed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The rest of Ninov's team officially retracted their claims in 2002.<ref name=":4" /> There was also an investigation conducted into Ninov's previous unsupervised science at GSI; it was found that "two sightings were spuriously created" (one of element 110 and another of element 112).<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Rg27202Ho01"/> However these false sightings were found amongst a large amount of real data that still supported his co-discoveries of elements 110 and 112.<ref name=":1" /> The GSI investigation concluded that the discovery of those elements was legitimate.<ref name=":1" />

The super heavy elements 116 and 118 were eventually discovered and verified in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia from 2000–2002.<ref name=":5" /> These elements were named livermorium and oganesson respectively.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="NYT20021015">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010, some of the nuclides that were originally claimed as decay products of element 118 were truly synthesized at LBNL; the 2010 observations did not match the claimed 1999 data.<ref name="281Cn"> Template:Cite news</ref> Ninov has continued to maintain that he was innocent.<ref name=":0"/>

Impact on the scientific community

The findings shocked the scientific community as Ninov had been a highly respected physicist.<ref name=":0"/> In fact, Albert Ghiorso, a physicist who co-discovered 12 elements and a close collaborator of Glenn Seaborg, once called Ninov "a younger version of himself". It was also troubling that so many co-authors of the LBNL's 1999 paper had been unaware that their discoveries were false.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref> The affair resulted in stricter guidelines for coauthors, clarifying their roles and duties and requiring them to vouch for their contributions to published work.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref>

The American Physical Society called for increased ethical training and oversight at research institutions and sponsored educational efforts to make the scientific community more resilient to scientific fraud.<ref name=":7" /> Reports on the Ninov affair were released around the same time as the final report on the Schön affair, another major incident of data falsification in physics, and this amplified its impact.<ref name=":7"/>

Personal life

Ninov is retired from physics.[citation needed] For a time, he worked as a professor of physics at the University of the Pacific, but it is said that he now holds an engineering job in California [citation needed], where he currently lives.[citation needed] His wife, Caroline Cox, a former history professor at University of the Pacific, died in 2014 of cancer. They were married for 23 years. Ninov had helped her finish her book, Boy Soldiers of the American Revolution, and it was published posthumously. He pilots a four-seat plane, an Aero Commander.<ref name=":3" />

See also

• List of experimental errors and frauds in physics
• List of scientific misconduct incidents
• Schön scandal
• Hwang scandal

External links

• Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of 86Kr with 208Pb – Communication in "Physical Review Letters" stating observation of the element 118 published by Victor Ninov's research group
• Sanacacio.net Copy of a New York Times article on the Ninov controversy
• Atomic Lies An essay about V. Ninov's career
• The Man Who Tried to Fake an Element Documentary about Ninovium and the Ninov controversy