Voseo

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Template:Short description Template:Title language Template:Distinguish Template:More citations needed Template:Spanish language

In Spanish grammar, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is the use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a second-person singular pronoun, along with its associated verbal forms, in certain regions where the language is spoken. In those regions it replaces {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, i.e. the use of the pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and its verbal forms. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} can also be found in the context of using verb conjugations for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as the subject pronoun (verbal voseo).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In all regions with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the corresponding unstressed object pronoun is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the corresponding possessive is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="DPD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used extensively as the second-person singular<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Rioplatense Spanish (Argentina and Uruguay), Chilean Spanish, Eastern Bolivia, Paraguayan Spanish, and much of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica); in Mexico, in the southern regions of Chiapas and parts of Oaxaca. It is rarely used, if at all, in places such as Cuba and Puerto Rico.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} had been traditionally used in Argentina, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Paraguay, the Philippines and Uruguay, even in formal writing. In the dialect of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (known as 'Rioplatense'), the usage of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is prevalent, even in mainstream film, media and music. In Argentina, particularly from the second half of the 20th century, it has become very common to see billboards and other advertising campaigns using {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is present in some regions of other countries, for instance in the Maracucho Spanish of Zulia State, Venezuela (see Venezuelan Spanish), the Azuero Peninsula of Panama, in a few departments in Colombia,<ref>Díaz Collazos, Ana María. Desarrollo sociolingüístico del voseo en la región andina de Colombia (1555–1976).</ref> and in parts of Ecuador (Sierra down to Esmeraldas). In Peru, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is present in certain Andean regions and Cajamarca, but the younger generations have ceased to use it. It is also present in Judaeo-Spanish, spoken by Sephardic Jews, where it is the archaic plural form that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} replaced.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is seldom taught to students of Spanish as a second language, and its precise usage varies across different regions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nevertheless, in recent years, it has become more commonly accepted across the Hispanophone world as a valid part of regional dialects.

History

Template:More citations needed Classical Latin, and the Vulgar Latin from which Romance languages such as Spanish are descended, had only two second-person pronounsTemplate:Sndthe singular {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the plural {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Starting in the early Middle Ages, however, languages such as French and Spanish began to attach honorary significance to these pronouns beyond literal number. Plural pronouns were often used to refer to a person of respect to aggrandize them. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the second-person plural inherited from Latin, came to be used in this manner.

Already by the late 18th century, however, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} itself was restricted to politeness among one's familiar friends. The following extract from a textbook is illustrative of usage at the time:

Template:Quote

The standard formal way to address a person one was not on familiar terms with was to address such a person as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("your grace", originally abbreviated as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in the singular and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the plural. Because of the literal meaning of these forms, they were accompanied by the corresponding third-person verb forms. Other formal forms of address included {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("your excellence", contracted phonetically to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("your lordship/ladyship", contracted to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Today, both {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are considered to be informal pronouns, with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} being somewhat synonymous with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in regions where both are used. This was the situation when the Spanish language was brought to the Río de la Plata area (around Buenos Aires and Montevideo) and to Chile.

In time, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} lost currency in Spain but survived in a number of areas in Spanish-speaking America: Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia (east), Uruguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and some smaller areas; it is not found, or found only in internally remote areas (such as Chiapas) in the countries historically best connected with Spain: Mexico, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Equatorial Guinea. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evolved into {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; in fact, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is still abbreviated as either {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Note that the term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a combined form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning literally 'ye/you others'), while the term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} comes from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("we/us others").

In the first half of the 19th century, the use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was as prevalent in Chile as it was in Argentina. The current limitation of the use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Chile is attributed to a campaign to eradicate it by the Chilean education system. The campaign was initiated by Andrés Bello who considered the use of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} a manifestation of lack of education.<ref name=Liuzete>Luizete Guimarães Barros. 1990. Lengua y nación en la Gramática de Bello. Anuario brasileño de estudios hispánicos.</ref>

Usage

Vos in relation to other forms of tú

The independent disjunctive pronoun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also replaces {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} set of forms. That is, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is both nominative and the form to use after prepositions. Therefore, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("for you") corresponds to the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.

The preposition-pronoun combination {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("with you") is used for the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
The direct and indirect object form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is used in both {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="DPD" />

Nominative Oblique Reflexive
subject direct object indirect object prepositional object fused with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} direct/indirect object prepositional object fused with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

The possessive pronouns of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also coincide with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}> rather than with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}>.<ref name="DPD" />

Voseo in Chavacano

Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole spoken in the Philippines, employs {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},<ref name="chavacano">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="chavacano2">Template:Cite news</ref> while the standard Spanish spoken in the country does not.<ref name="es-ph">Template:Cite book</ref> The Chavacano language below in comparison of other Chavacano dialects and level of formality with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in both subject and possessive pronouns. Note the mixed and co-existing usages of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

  lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
2nd person singular lang}} (common/informal)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}} (common)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}} (common/informal)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}} (formal)

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (informal)

2nd person plural lang}} (common)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 		lang}}

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

  lang}} lang}}
2nd person singular lang}} (common)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}}
2nd person plural lang}} (common)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (familiar)
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (formal) 		lang}}

Conjugation with vos

All modern {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} conjugations derive from Old Spanish second person plural {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (as in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 'you are').<ref name=lapesa>Template:In lang Lapesa Melgar, Rafael. 1970. "Las formas verbales de segunda persona y los orígenes del voseo", in: Carlos H. Magis (ed.), Actas del III Congreso de la Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (México, D.F., 26–31 Aug 1968). México: Colegio de México, 519–531.</ref> The 14th and 15th centuries saw an evolution of these conjugations, with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} originally giving {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} giving {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref name=lapesa/><ref name=garcia>Template:In lang García de Diego, Vicente. [1951] 1981. Gramática histórica española. (3rd edition; 1st edition 1951, 2nd edition 1961, 3rd edition 1970, 1st reprint 1981.) Madrid: Gredos, 227–229.</ref> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} giving {{#invoke:Lang|lang}},<ref>{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} did not produce {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} because {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were already in use as Imperfect forms, cf. García de Diego ([1951] 1981: 228) and Lapesa (1970: 526).</ref> and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} giving {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=lapesa/> Soon analogous forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} appeared.<ref name=lapesa/> Hence the variety of forms the contemporary American {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} adopts, some varieties featuring a generalized monophthong (most of them), some a generalized diphthong (e.g. Venezuela), and some combining monophthongs and diphthongs, depending on the conjugation (e.g. Chile). In the most general, monophthongized, conjugation paradigm, a difference between {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} forms and respective {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} forms is visible exclusively in the present indicative, imperative and subjunctive, and, most of the time, in the preterite.<ref name=garcia/> Below is a comparison table of the conjugation of several verbs for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and next to them the one for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the informal second person plural currently used orally only in Spain; in oratory or legal language (highly formal forms of Spanish) it is used outside of Spain. Verb forms that agree with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are stressed on the last syllable, causing the loss of the stem diphthong in those verbs, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which are stem-changing.

Verb lang}}
2. Sg.		 lang}}
General		 lang}}
Chile1		 lang}}
Southeastern Cuba,
Northeastern Colombia1, 2,
Venezuela3
and Panama4		 lang}}
2. Pl.
in Spain		 lang}} general 2.Pl
And {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} formal 2.Sg
Ladino		 lang}}
2. Pl		 Meaning
ser eres sos erís/sois sois sosh סוֹש /soʃ/ son you are
comer comes comés comís coméis komesh קוֹמֵיש /koˈmeʃ/ comen you eat
poder puedes podés podís podéis podesh פּוֹדֵיש /poˈdeʃ/ pueden you can/may
hablar hablas hablás hablái habláis favlash פֿאבֿלאשׁ /faˈvlaʃ/ hablan you speak
recordar recuerdas recordás recordái recordáis recordash רֵיקוֹרדאשׁ /rekorˈdaʃ/ recuerdan you remember
vivir vives vivís bivish בִּיבִֿיש /biˈviʃ/ viven you live
venir vienes venís venish בֵֿינִיש /veˈniʃ/ vienen you come
1 Because of the general aspiration of syllable-final [s], the -s of this ending is usually heard as [h] or not pronounced.
2 In Colombia, the rest of the country that uses vos follows the General Conjugation.
3 In the state of Zulia
4 in Azuero

General conjugation is the one that is most widely accepted and used in various countries such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, parts of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia, as well as Central American countries.<ref name="DPD" />

Some Uruguayan speakers combine the pronoun tú with the vos conjugation (for example, tú sabés).<ref name="DPD" /> Conversely, speakers in some other places where both tú and vos are used combine vos with the tú conjugation (for example, vos sabes).<ref name="DPD" /> This is a frequent occurrence in the Argentine province of Santiago del Estero.

The verb forms employed with vos are also different in Chilean Spanish: Chileans use {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'you are' instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Chileans never pronounce these conjugations with a final -s. The forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for 'you are', and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for 'you have' are also found in Chilean Spanish.<ref name="baquerochilearg" />

In the case of the ending -ís (such as in comís, podís, vivís, erís, venís), the final -s is pronounced like any other final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in Chilean Spanish. It is most often pronounced as an aspiration similar to the 'h' sound in English. It can also be pronounced as a fricative {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, or be dropped completely. Its variable pronunciation is a phonological rather than a morphological phenomenon.<ref name="baquerochilearg" />

Venezuelan Maracucho Spanish is notable in that they preserve the diphthongized plural verb forms in all tenses, as still used with vosotros in Spain.<ref name="DPD" /> Chilean Spanish also notably uses the diphthong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

In Ladino, the -áis, -éis, -ís, & -ois endings are pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, & {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

In Chile, it is much more usual to use tú + vos verb conjugation (tú sabís). The use of pronominal vos (vos sabís) is reserved for very informal situations and may even be considered vulgar in some cases.<ref name="DPD" />

Present indicative

  1. General conjugation: the final -r of the infinitive is replaced by -s; in writing, an acute accent is added to the last vowel (i.e. the one preceding the final -s) to indicate stress position.
  2. Chilean:
    1. the -ar ending of the infinitive is replaced by -ái
    2. both -er and -ir are replaced by -ís, which sounds more like -íh.
  3. Venezuelan (Zulian): practically the same ending as modern Spanish vosotros, yet with the final -s being aspirated so that: -áis, -éis, -ís sound like -áih, -éih, -íh (phonetically resembling Chilean).
VOSEO
Infinitive Present Indicative
General Venezuelan1 Chilean
oír oís
venir venís
decir decís
dormir dormís
sentir sentís
escribir escribís
concluir concluís
ir vas vais vai(s)
pensar pensás pensáis pensái
contar contás contáis contái
jugar jugás jugáis jugái
errar errás erráis errái
poder podés podéis podís
querer querés queréis querís
mover movés movéis movís
saber sabés sabéis sabís
ser sos sois soi/erís
haber has habéis habís/hai
1 in Zulia; identical ending to modern vosotros

Unlike tú, which has many irregular forms, the only voseo verbs that are conjugated irregularly in the indicative present are ser, ir and haber. However, haber is seldom used in the indicative present, since there is a strong tendency to use preterite instead of present perfect.

Affirmative imperative

Vos also differs in its affirmative imperative conjugation from both tú and vosotros. Specifically, the vos imperative is formed by dropping the final -r from the infinitive, but keeping the stress on the last syllable.<ref name=lapesa/> The only verb that is irregular in this regard is ir; its vos imperative is not usually used, with andá (the vos imperative of andar, which is denoted by *) being generally used instead; except for the Argentine province of Tucumán, where the imperative ite is used. For most regular verbs ending in -ir, the vos imperatives use the same conjugations as the yo form in the preterite; almost all verbs that are irregular in the preterite (which are denoted by ‡) retain the regular vos imperative forms.

Verb Meaning Tú Vos Vosotros (written)
ser to be sé sé sed
estar to be está/estate está/estate estad
ir to go ve citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> *(andá/andate) || id

hablar to speak habla hablá hablad
callar to become silent calla callá callad
soltar to release/let go suelta soltá soltad
comer to eat come comé comed
mover to move mueve mové moved
venir to come ven vení ‡ venid
poner to put pon poné poned
salir to leave sal salí salid
tener to have ten tené tened
decir to say di decí ‡ decid
pedir to ask/order pide pedí pedid

Again, the conjugation of tú has far more irregularities, whereas vos has only one irregular verb in the affirmative imperative.

In Chile, the general vos conjugation is not used in the affirmative imperative.

Subjunctive

In most places where voseo is used, it is applied also in the subjunctive. In the Río de la Plata region, both the tú-conjugation and the voseo conjugation are found, the tú-form being more common. In this variety, some studies have shown a pragmatic difference between the tú-form and the vos-form, such that the vos form carries information about the speaker's belief state, and can be stigmatized.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For example, in Central America the subjunctive and negative command form is no mintás, and in Chile it is no mintái; however, in Río de la Plata both no mientas and no mintás are found. Real Academia Española models its voseo conjugation tables on the most frequent, unstigmatized Río de la Plata usage and therefore omits the subjunctive voseo.<ref name="DRAE-example">See for example in Real Academia Española Dictionary, mentir or preocupar, where mentís and preocupás are present, but mintás and preocupés are missing.</ref>

Central America1
Bolivia 		Río de la Plata region Chile Venezuela (Zulia)
Panama (Azuero) 		meaning
No quiero que mintás. No quiero que mientas. No quiero que mintái. No quiero que mintáis. I don't want you to lie.
No temás. No temas. No temái. No temáis. Do not fear.
Que durmás bien Que duermas bien. Que durmái bien. Que durmáis bien. Sleep well.
No te preocupés. No te preocupes. No te preocupís. No te preocupéis. Don't worry.
1including areas in Colombia with voseo, e.g. the Paisa region.

Verbal voseo and pronominal voseo

  • 'Verbal voseoTemplate:' refers to the use of the verb conjugation of vos regardless of which pronoun is used.<ref name="DPD" />
Verbal voseo with a pronoun other than vos is widespread in Chile, in which case one would use the pronoun tú and the verb conjugation of vos at the same time. E.g.: tú venís, tú escribís, tú podís, tú sabís, tú vai, tú estái.
There are some partially rare cases of a similar sort of verbal voseo in Uruguay where one would say for example tú podés or tú sabés.
  • 'Pronominal voseoTemplate:' is the use of the pronoun vos regardless of verb conjugation.<ref name="DPD" />

Geographical distribution

File:Voseo-extension-real.PNG
Distribution of voseo:<ref name="DPD" /> Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

Countries where voseo is predominant

File:Voseo Buenos Aires.jpg
Voseo used on a billboard in Buenos Aires, Argentina: ¿Querés cambiar? Vení a Claro ("Do you want to change? Come to Claro."). In tuteo, it would have been ¿Quieres cambiar? Ven a Claro.
File:Voseo Usage in Honduras.png
Voseo used on signage inside a shopping mall in Tegucigalpa, Honduras: En City sí encontrás de todo para lucir como te gusta ("At City you find everything to look how you like"). The tuteo equivalent would have been En City sí encuentras de todo para lucir como te gusta
File:Pedi Voseo El Salvador.jpg
Voseo used on a billboard in El Salvador: ¡Pedí aquí tu fría! ("Order your cold one here!"). The tuteo equivalent would have been ¡Pide aquí tu fría!

In South America:

  1. Argentina – both pronominal and verbal voseo, the pronoun tú is not preferred.<ref name="DPD" />
  2. Paraguay – both pronominal and verbal voseo,<ref name="DPD" /> the pronoun tú is uncommon in most of the country.
  3. Uruguay – dual-usage of both pronominal and verbal voseo and a combination of the pronoun tú + verb conjugated in the vos form,<ref name="DPD" /> except near the Brazilian border, where only pronominal and verbal tuteo is common.

In Central America:

  1. Guatemala – three-tiered system is used to indicate the degree of respect or familiarity: usted, tú, vos. Usted expresses distance and respect; tú corresponds to an intermediate level of familiarity, but not deep trust; vos is the pronoun of maximum familiarity and solidarity. Pronominal tú is frequent with verbal voseo.<ref name="DPD" />
  2. Honduras – three-tiered system is used to indicate the degree of respect or familiarity: usted, tú, vos. Usted expresses distance and respect; tú corresponds to an intermediate level of familiarity, but not deep trust; vos is the pronoun of maximum familiarity and solidarity.<ref name="DPD" />
  3. Nicaragua – both pronominal and verbal voseo throughout all social classes; tú is mostly used in writing.<ref name="DPD" />
  4. Costa Rica – voseo has historically been used, back in the 2000s it was losing ground to ustedeo and tuteo, especially among younger speakers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Vos is now primarily used orally with friends and family in Cartago, Guanacaste province, the San José metropolitan area and near the Nicaraguan border and in advertising signage. Usted is the primary form in other areas and with strangers. Tuteo is rarely used, but when it is used in speech by a Costa Rican, it is commonly considered fake and effeminate.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  5. El Salvador – three-tiered system is used to indicate the degree of respect or familiarity: usted, tú, vos. Usted expresses distance and respect; tú corresponds to an intermediate level of familiarity, but not deep trust; vos is the pronoun of maximum familiarity and solidarity and also lack of respect.<ref name="Lipski-salv">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Countries where voseo is extensive, but not predominant

In South America:

  1. Bolivia – in the Lowlands of Eastern Bolivia—with mestizo, Criollo and German descendants majority—(Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, Tarija and the Lowlands of La Paz) voseo is used universally; while in the Highlands of Western Bolivia—with indigenous peoples majority—(highlands of La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Chuquisaca and Cochabamba) tú is predominant, but there is still a strong use of voseo, especially in verb forms.
  2. Chile – verbal voseo and pronominal tú is used in informal situations, whereas pronominal voseo is reserved only for very intimate situations or to offend someone. In every other situation and in writing, the normal tú or usted pronouns are used.

Countries where voseo occurs in some areas

In the following countries, voseo is used only in certain areas:

Countries where voseo is virtually absent

In the following countries, voseo has disappeared completely among the native population:

Synchronic analysis of Chilean and River Plate verbal voseo

Template:Original research section The traditional assumption that the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are derived from those corresponding to vosotros has been challenged as synchronically inadequate in a 2014 article,<ref name="baquerochilearg">Template:Cite journal</ref> on the grounds that it requires at least six different rules, including three monophthongization processes that lacks phonological motivation. Alternatively, the article argues that the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms are synchronically derived from underlying representations that coincide with those corresponding to the non-honorific second person singular tú. In both Chilean and Rioplatense Spanish, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} form assigns stress to the syllable following the verb's root, or its infinitive in the case of the future and conditional conjugations. This alone derives all the Rioplatense {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} verb conjugations, in all tenses. Chilean verb forms also undergo rules of semi-vocalization, vowel raising, and aspiration. In semi-vocalization, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} becomes the semivowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when after {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; thus, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} becomes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} becomes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'you are'. The vowel raising rule turns stressed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} into {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, so {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} becomes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Aspiration, the norm in both Chilean and Rioplatense Spanish, means that syllable or word-final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} becomes pronounced like an {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="baquerochilearg" />

The proposed theory requires the use of only one special rule in the case of Chilean voseo. This rule plus other rules that are independently justified in the language make it possible to synchronically derive all the Chilean and River Plate voseo verb forms in a straightforward manner. The article additionally solves the problem posed by the alternate verbal forms of Chilean voseo like the future indicative (e.g. bailaríh or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'you will dance'), the present indicative forms of haber (habíh and hai 'you have'), and the present indicative of ser (soi, eríh and eréi 'you are'), without resorting to any ad hoc rules. All these different verb forms would come from different underlying representations. The future forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} come from underlying {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, the latter related to the historical future form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which was documented in Chile in the 17th century. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} come from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, while {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} come from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also comes from {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, with additional semi-vocalization. The theoretical framework of the article is that of classic generative phonology.<ref name="baquerochilearg" />

Attitudes

In some countries, the pronoun vos is used with family and friends (T-form), like tú in other varieties of Spanish, and contrasts with the respectful usted (V-form used with third person) which is used with strangers, elderly, and people of higher socioeconomic status; appropriate usage varies by dialect. In Central America, vos can be used among those considered equals, while usted maintains its respectful usage. In Ladino, the pronoun usted is completely absent, so the use of vos with strangers and elders is the standard.

Voseo was long considered a backward or uneducated usage by prescriptivist grammarians. Many Central American intellectuals, themselves from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} nations, have condemned the usage of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the past.<ref name="Lipski-salv"/> With the changing mentalities in the Hispanic world, and with the development of descriptive as opposed to prescriptive linguistics, it has become simply a local variant of Spanish. In some places it has become symbolically important and is pointed to with pride as a local defining characteristic.

See also

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References

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Sources

fr:Dialectologie de la langue espagnole#Voseo

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