Vostok Station

Location of Vostok in Antarctica

Vostok Station (Template:Langx, Template:IPA, Template:Lit) is a Russian research station in inland Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. Founded by the Soviet Union in 1957, the station lies at the southern Pole of Cold, with the lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth of Template:Cvt.<ref name="NCDC">Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.</ref> Research includes ice core drilling and magnetometry. Vostok was named after Vostok, the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition captained by Fabian von Bellingshausen. The Bellingshausen Station was named after this captain (the second ship, Mirny, captained by Mikhail Lazarev, became the namesake for Mirny Station).

Description

Vostok Research Station is around Template:Convert from the Geographic South Pole, at the middle of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Vostok is located near the southern pole of inaccessibility and the south geomagnetic pole, making it one of the optimal places to observe changes in the Earth's magnetosphere. Other studies include actinometry, geophysics, medicine and climatology.

The station is at Template:Convert above sea level and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent.<ref name="Winchester 2003 168–169">Template:Cite book</ref> The station was supplied from Mirny Station on the Antarctic coast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The station normally hosts 30 scientists and engineers in the summer. In winter, their number drops to 15.<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>

The only permanent research station located farther south is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, operated by the United States at the geographic South Pole. The Chinese Kunlun Station is farther south than Vostok but is occupied only during summers.

Some of the challenges faced by those living on the station were described in Vladimir Sanin's books such as Newbie in the Antarctic (1973), 72 Degrees Below Zero (1975), and others.

History

Ice cores at Vostok, with a portion of the station behind

Vostok Station was established on 16 December 1957 (during the International Geophysical Year) by the 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition and was operated year-round for more than 72 years.<ref name=igsoc>Template:Cite web</ref> The station was temporarily closed from January 1962 to January 1963,<ref name=dubrovin>Template:Cite book</ref> from February to November 1994,<ref name=igsoc/> and during the winter of 2003.<ref name=whitehouse>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1974, when British scientists in Antarctica performed an airborne ice-penetrating radar survey and detected strange radar readings at the site, the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice did not instantly spring to mind.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote-sensing specialist with the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at University College London, directed a European satellite called ERS-1 to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the Antarctic ice cap. It confirmed the 1974 discovery,<ref name=Morton>Template:Cite magazine</ref> but it was not until 1993 that the discovery was published in the Journal of Glaciology. Space-based radar revealed that the subglacial body of fresh water was one of the largest lakes in the world—and one of some 140 subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in 1996 by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and spaceborne radar altimetry. Lake Vostok lies some Template:Convert below the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet and covers an area of Template:Convert.<ref name="FüttererKleinschmidt2006">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2019, the Russian government began construction on a new, modern station building to replace the aging facilities. Construction of the new facility was completed in Saint Petersburg to be transported to Vostok Station by ship, but continuing delays have pushed back completion of the new station to no earlier than 2023.<ref name="SouthPoleStation.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

On January 28, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin took part in the ceremony of commissioning the station's wintering complex via video link. The ceremony was also attended by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Historic monuments

Vostok Station Tractor: Heavy tractor AT-T 11, which participated in the first traverse to the south geomagnetic pole, along with a plaque to commemorate the opening of the station in 1957, has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 11) following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<ref name=ats>Template:Cite web</ref>

Professor Kudryashov's Drilling Complex Building: The drilling complex building stands close to Vostok Station at an elevation of Template:Convert. It was built in the summer season of 1983–1984. Under the leadership of Professor Boris Kudryashov, ancient ice core samples were obtained. The building has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 88), following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<ref name=atcm>Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate

Vostok Station has an ice cap climate (EF), with subzero temperatures year round, typical as with much of Antarctica. Annual precipitation is only Template:Convert (all occurring as snow),<ref name=Vostokclimate>Template:Cite web</ref> making it one of the driest places on Earth. On average, Vostok station receives 26 days of snow per year.<ref name=Vostokclimate/> It is also one of the sunniest places on Earth, despite having no sunshine at all between May and August; there are more hours of sunshine per year than even the sunniest places in South Africa, Australia and the Arabian Peninsula, where they approach those of the Sahara in Northern Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Vostok has the highest sunshine total for any calendar month on Earth, at an average of 708.8 hours of sunshine in December, or 22.9 hours daily. It also has the lowest sunshine for any calendar month, with an absolute maximum of 0 hours of sunshine per month during polar night.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Of official weather stations that are currently in operation, Vostok is the coldest on Earth in terms of mean annual temperature. However, it has been disputed that Vostok Station is the coldest-known location on Earth. The now inactive Plateau Station, located on the central Antarctic plateau, is believed to have recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s,<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> and satellite readings have routinely detected colder temperatures in areas between Dome A and Dome F.Template:Citation needed The most recent record set was the October record low, set on 1 October 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Panoramic photo of Vostok Station showing the layout of the camp. The striped building on the left is the power station while the striped building on the right is where researchers sleep and take meals. The building in the background with the red- and white-striped ball on top is the meteorology building. Caves were dug into the ice sheet for storage, keeping cores at an ideal Template:Cvt year-round. (Credit: Todd Sowers LDEO, Columbia University, Palisades, New York)

Vostok is one of the coldest places on Earth. The average temperature of the cold season (from April to September) is about Template:Cvt, while the average temperature of the warm season (from October to March) is about Template:Cvt.<ref name="Winchester 2003 168–169"/>

The lowest reliably measured temperature on Earth of Template:Cvt was in Vostok on 21 July 1983 at 05:45 Moscow Time,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which was 07:45 for Vostok's time zone, and 01:45 UTC (See List of weather records). This beat the station's former record of Template:Cvt on 24 August 1960.<ref name=wmoasu/> Lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet as temperature decreases with height along the surface.

Though unconfirmed, it has been reported that Vostok reached a temperature of Template:Cvt on 28 July 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The warmest recorded temperature at Vostok is Template:Cvt, which occurred on 5 January 1974.<ref name="poguda"/>

The coldest month was August 1987 with a mean temperature of Template:Cvt and the warmest month was December 1989 with a mean temperature of Template:Cvt.<ref name="aari"/>

In addition to the extremely cold temperatures, other factors make Vostok one of the most difficult places on Earth for human habitation:

• An almost complete lack of moisture in the air
• An average windspeed of Template:Convert, sometimes rising to as high as Template:Convert
• The lack of oxygen in the air because of its high elevation at Template:Convert
• A higher ionization of the air
• A polar night that lasts approximately 120 days, from late April to mid-August, including 85 continuous days of civil polar night (i.e. too dark to read, during which the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Acclimatization to such conditions can take from a week to two months and is accompanied by headaches, eye twitches, ear pains, nose bleeds, perceived suffocation, sudden rises in blood pressure, loss of sleep, reduced appetite, vomiting, joint and muscle pain, arthritis, and weight loss of Template:Cvt (sometimes as high as Template:Cvt).Template:Citation needed

Ice core drilling

420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok, Antarctica, research station. Current period is at left. From bottom to top: insolation at 65°N due to Milankovitch cycles (connected to ¹⁸O); ¹⁸O isotope of oxygen; levels of methane (CH₄); relative temperature; levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂)

In the 1970s, the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores Template:Convert deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 metres' depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2,202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2,546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2,755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research that expressed worries about possible contamination of Lake Vostok. This ice core, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time, it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the EPICA core, which, whilst shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003, drilling was permitted to continue but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only Template:Convert.

The ancient lake was finally breached on 5 February 2012 when scientists stopped drilling at the depth of Template:Convert and reached the surface of the subglacial lake.

The brittle zone is approximately between 250 and 750 m and corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum,<ref name=Lipenkov>Template:Cite journal</ref> with the end of the Holocene climatic optimum at or near the 250-metre depth.

Although the Vostok core reached a depth of Template:Convert the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources give proxy information down to a depth of Template:Convert or 414,000 years.<ref>Vostok Ice Core Data www.ncdc.noaa.gov, 2005-12-22. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</ref> Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. It has been suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345 m or 436,000 years, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This then produces a record in agreement with the newer, longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information.

See also

• List of Antarctic research stations
• List of Antarctic field camps
• List of airports in Antarctica
• Vostok traverse
• Concordia Station

External links

• Official website Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Template:Webarchive
• Vostok Station page
• Vostok average temperature data
• Vostok current met data
• Template:Usurped
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map