Waipā River

The Waipā River is in the Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. The headwaters are in the Rangitoto Range east of Te Kūiti. It flows north for Template:Convert, passing through Ōtorohanga and Pirongia, before flowing into the Waikato River at Ngāruawāhia. It is the Waikato's largest tributary. The Waipā's main tributary is the Puniu River.

In the headwaters upstream of Ōtorohanga the river can be very clear during low flow conditions. This section of the river flows through rough farmland and patches of native bush. In this clearer part of the river there can be very good fly fishing for trout but access to the river may be limited without landowner permission.

The Waipā is prone to flooding in its lower reaches as flood flows can be over 100 times—Template:Convert—those of dry flows and the river can rise up to Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2013 Maniapoto Māori Trust Board and the riparian local councils set up a joint management agreement for the river,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> following the passing of Nga Wai o Maniapoto ( Waipā River) Act 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 16 July 2020 the official name was gazetted as Waipā River.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Speed of flow

The table below shows the time water takes to flow the Template:Convert from Te Kūiti to its confluence with the Waikato in times of low flow (15% of days are slower than this) and high flow (15% of days faster).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

		time (hrs)
Place	km	low	high
Te Kuiti	0	0	0
Ōtorohanga	37	20	13
Pirongia	73	40	25
Whatawhata	101	59	36
Ngāruawāhia	130	98	49

1934 and 2014 Ōtorohanga maps, showing the diversions of the Waipā. In 2004 the river flooded its old course.

A Map of the Waipa Valley along its endorheic basins

Floods

Years with large floods have included 1875,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> 1892,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1893,<ref name=":0" /> 1897,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1907,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> 1926,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1930,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1946, 1953,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> 1958, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2004<ref name=":1" /> and 2012.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>

In August 1893 the river was 3 inches (7.6 cm) higher than it was in during the 1875 flood. Maunder's mill at Whatawhata and bridges on the Whatawhata to Tuhikaramea road were washed away.<ref name=":0" />

A minimum flow of Template:Convert/second was measured in 1946 and a flood flow of over Template:Convert/sec was measured in the May 1953 floods.<ref name=":2" /> In 1958 hundreds of houses were flooded in Ōtorohanga and Te Kūiti.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The July 1998 peak flows in the upper Waipā 776 were the highest recorded since 1958 and at Whatawhata flows were Template:Convert/sec, compared to Template:Convert/sec in 1958.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2002 flows at Whatawhata were Template:Convert/sec<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and, in March 2004, Template:Convert/sec. The 2004 flood was comparable to that of 1958. At Ōtorohanga, the Primary School and surrounding houses were flooded, when the river spilled into its old course (see map below) and filled the area behind the stop banks.<ref name=":1" /> There was also flooding in July 2012.<ref name=":3" />

Power stations

In 2003 Hydro Power Ltd was given consent to build a hydro-electric power station, with weirs in the Okahukura Stream, upstream from Owen Falls, and penstocks carrying water down the gorge<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to a station on the west bank Template:Convert below the falls.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Work was done in 2006,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but, in 2007, Hydro Energy ( Waipā) Ltd was fined for unconsented damage to native vegetation in building the penstock.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The resource was initially estimated to be able to generate 10 to 20MW.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Construction halted, though Renewable Power Ltd bought the asset in 2010 and estimates potential at 9MW.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2017 Nova Energy gained consent<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to build a 360MW gas-turbine station (connected to the Maui Gas Pipeline) on the Ongaruhe Stream, close to its confluence with the Waipā.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The mid-merit Waikato Power Plant at 869 Kawhia Rd, Ōtorohanga was expected to be used for 10 to 15 minutes, 3 or 4 times a day,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but was shelved in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Pollution

Waikato Regional Council measures water quality monthly at five sites from Mangaokewa to Whatawhata.<ref>map of pollution monitoring sites.</ref> The measurements show poor quality along most of the river, with excess nitrogen, silt and phosphorus, though E. coli levels have improved with improved sewage treatment, though generally not enough for safe swimming;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> recreational rivers should have median E. coli levels below 126 per 100ml, but Waipā's range from 160 to 320.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Turbidity levels north of Ōtorohanga rise to more than double the levels needed to support plant photosynthesis<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and phosphorus levels also rise above targets in that stretch.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nitrogen levels increased at all five sites between 1993 and 2012 due to intensified land use,<ref>Trends in Waipa River water quality</ref> now adding 3,075 tonnes a year. By comparison, the total from sewage works and Te Awamutu dairy factory is 66 tonnes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ministry for the Environment figures<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> averaged between 1998 and 2007 showed the Waipā at Ōtorohanga had 280 E.coli per 100ml (53rd worst out of 154), 360 faecal coliforms per 100ml (83rd of 252), 0.55 mg/litre nitrogen (161th of 342) and 0.03 mg/litre phosphorus (187th of 361).

At Pirongia the figures were 390 E.coli per 100ml (35th worst out of 154), 425 faecal coliforms per 100ml (64th of 252), 0.49 mg/litre nitrogen (174th of 342) and 0.06 mg/litre phosphorus (80th of 361).

At Whatawhata the figures were 0.92 mg/litre nitrogen (94th of 342) and 0.06 mg/litre phosphorus (69th of 361).

In the Mangaokewa stream 0.02 mg/litre phosphorus (237th of 361).

Pollution has been worsening for nitrogen and phosphorus, though turbidity has improved, as shown in this table of important (ie slope direction probability over 95% and RSKSE over ±1% pa) improvements, or deteriorations (-) in relative seasonal Kendall slope estimator (RSKSE) trends (% per year). in the river at Whatawhata (monthly records are flow-adjusted using a Lowess curve fit with 30% span.) -<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

	Turbidity	Nitrate-N	Dissolved reactive P
1993–2017	2.0		−1.2
2008–2017	5.9	−2.0

Soil conservation

Regional Council estimates that Template:Convert is at risk of severe erosion in the Middle Waipā (Waitomo, Turitea, Pirongia, Karakariki, Puniu, Mangaotama, Mangawhero and Mangapiko catchments) and Template:Convert of stream bank to be prone to erosion. Project Watershed plans for planting on Template:Convert, plus 976 km of stream bank and 1,332 km of fencing, from 2017 to 2026.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Aftermath of a 1916 bridge collapse on the Waipā River at Ngāruawāhia

Organic farming

In 2018 a scheme was launched by the Waikato River Authority to attract investment in $100 million of hybrid bonds to convert up to 18 dairy farms on Template:Convert, or roughly 5% of the catchment, to organic farms, with the aim of reducing pollution from the worst farms by about 45%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bridges

Listed in order from the confluence with the Waikato and moving south they are:-

1974 Waipā bridge at Ngāruawāhia under construction in 1972

Looking south from Whatawhata bridge

• 1898 Ngāruawāhia bridge opened. Collapsed under a herd of cattle 20 December 1916 (see 1917 photo) and rebuilt in 1922 with three Template:Convert trusses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The bridges were preceded by a punt (see 1922 photo), supplied by the government in 1887.<ref>Waikato Times, Volume XXIII, Issue 2271, 29 January 1887, Page 3: MR BALLANCE AT OTOROHANGA – The Special Settlements</ref> A new bridge was opened on 18 January 1974.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• 1914–1958 Waipā Railway and Coal Co. Template:Convert long<ref>New Zealand Herald, Volume XLIX, Issue 14940, 13 March 1912, Page 8</ref> bridge.
• 1881 (20 April) Whatawhata bridge, originally wooden and Template:Convert long and Template:Convert above high water mark,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> consisted of two spans of Template:Convert, 7 of 40 and 4 of Template:Convert, and cost £3700. Repairs were done in 1909, but it was in poor repair again by 1917. For £11,250 a new wooden truss bridge was built over the top of it in 1924<ref name="Vennell">Template:Cite book</ref> and finished in 1925.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The current SH23 concrete bridge, which is south of the original site, was shown on the 1974 edition of the 1 inch Lands & Survey map, but not on the 1965 3rd edition. Records of the road structure show it dates from 1971,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which is probably the date of the bridge. The bridge replaced a punt, which had operated from 1867.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Te Rore bridge from south

• 1881 (12 August – see photo) Template:Convert long Te Rore bridge. Replaced 1957.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1905,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 1907<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 1958, the bridge was flooded to the handrails.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1865 (about) Alexandra Bridge, Baffin St, Pirongia, originally built by the army.<ref>Waikato Times 21 September 1880, Page 2</ref> Pukehoua Bridge was built Template:Convert upstream in 1912–13 to replace the 1865 bridge, which was damaged by floods and by 1909 was only fit for pedestrians and light traffic. Public Works Department estimated its cost at £4,500, £1,500 coming from Government and £3,000 from Waipā (50%), Raglan (30%) and Waitomo (20%) councils.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1882 Alexandra Bridge, McClure St, Whatiwhatihoe, Pirongia."Mr. Wright has superintended the construction of the Alexandra Bridge, over the Waipā River, to give access to Tāwhiao's new settlement, Whatiwhatihoe (see map), and which will at the same time eventually be on the main line leading into the King country. The bridge will be open now in a fortnights' time, it consists of six Template:Convert spans, and three Template:Convert trusses, a total length of Template:Convert, the height being Template:Convert above ordinary river level. The approaches and about a mile of road, and a large culvert have been made by Mr. Wright, with Maori labor. The whole will have been completed at a cost of about £1,800."<ref>1882 Surveys of New Zealand report</ref> There was a plan to replace it in 1939.<ref>New Zealand Herald 21 January 1939, Page 18</ref> SH39 now crosses on a Template:Convert 1953 bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1915 Te Kawa Rd bridge Template:Convert long, Template:Convert high.<ref>New Zealand Herald, 3 February 1915, Page 9</ref>
• Kawhia Rd, Ōtorohanga, SH31/SH39 cross on a Template:Convert 1964 bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Maniapoto St, Ōtorohanga photo about 1910 SH3 now crosses on a Template:Convert 1964 bridge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It replaced a bridge built in the early 1950s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1887 North Island Main Trunk railway bridge.
• 1928 Toa Bridge, Otewa Rd.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Steamer services

Over Template:Convert was navigable by waka and Pirongia (Alexandra) was busy as the head of steamboat navigation until the railway was built to Te Awamutu in 1880,<ref name="Vennell"/> though some settlers used it as far as Te Kūiti,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> though possibly only as far as the confluence of the Mangapu and Mangaokewa streams, about Template:Convert upstream from Ōtorohanga.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1885 the river was used to carry material for the railway construction as far as Te Kūiti,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in barges about Template:Convert x Template:Convert, and Template:Convert deep.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mr Gibbons' steamship,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lillie, started in 1876<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to 1878.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1895 Walsh Bros were running SS Victory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1902<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to 1909 H H Gould ran the 1899 5 hp SS Opuatia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> from Ngāruawāhia to Whatawhata one day and on to Pirongia next day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 1915 guidebook still said, "Small steamers ply up and down the river from Huntly".<ref>The Raglan and Kawhia Districts: E E Bradbury 1915 page 49</ref> An 1881 article said a journey upriver would normally take 36 hours, but more in dry weather, when shoals at Whatawhata and Te Rore were hard to cross.<ref>Waikato Times, Volume XVI, Issue 1375, 26 April 1881, Page 3</ref> An 1898 petition complained about wharfage charges at Mercer being a tax on residents along the Waipā.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Around 1900 the Freetrader, owned by the Waikato Company, "was withdrawn owing to competition from the Walsh brothers with their launch Victory, which could traverse the winding Waipā much more easily than the cumbersome stern-wheeler."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As late as 1919 Waipā County Council pressed for removal of shingle shoals to permit navigation to Pirongia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and got money for improvements from government<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the county councils.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Evidence given to the Inland Waterways Commission in 1921 said boats carrying 20 tons could reach Pirongia for most of the year and, up to about 30 years before, vessels carried 60 tons to Pirongia and a special fleet of steamers ran to Te Kūiti.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Steamers were set back by the sinking of the Opuatia at Whatawhata in 1920.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Waikato Shipping Co had been running a weekly service to Pirongia with the former Waihou River steamer,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> SS Erin<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> (and sometimes SS Excelsior),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which seems to have continued until WSC stopped trading in 1922.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A Public Works Department report in 1925 said the river was non-navigable above its junction with the Mangapu at Ōtorohanga.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Settlements

Settlements near the river include Rangitoto, Ōtewā, Ōtorohanga, Pokuru, Puketōtara, Pirongia, Te Pahu, Te Rore, Ngāhinapōuri, Whatawhata, Te Kowhai, Ngāruawāhia.

External links

• Regional Council summary of information about the river.
• Regional Council water quality information at Whatawhata, Pirongia, Otorohanga, Mangaokewa and water temperatures at Ōtorohanga, and Whatawhata.
• Maps of Waipā and tributary stream catchments – Ngāruawāhia/Whatawhata, Pirongia/Te Awamutu, Ōtorohanga/Te Kuiti, south east.
• Maps of pollution – phosphorus, bacteria and turbidity.
• River levels at Ngaruawahia, Whatawhata, Pirongia, Ōtorohanga, Waitomo, Te Kuiti, Otewa.
• Waipā Catchment Plan 2014
• Regional Council lists of actions and conservation areas to support the Waipā Catchment Plan in 2014/15.
• Encyclopaedia of New Zealand short history
• Lower Waipā flood control scheme
• Description of fishing in Waipā and tributaries
• 1864 photo of confluence of Waipā and Waikato
• 1910 photos of Waipā Bridge at Ngāruawāhia -, [1] and [2].
• 1910 photo of steam barge delivering goods
• 1914 photo of barge and steam tug
• 1917 photo of barge, steam tug and factory
• 1922 photo of new Ngaruawahia bridge being built
• 1951 photo of Waipā Railway bridge
• 1958 photo of flood at Te Rore bridge
• 1880s photos of Whatawhata Bridge, close up and 1924 rebuilding
• 1907 photo of bridge at Ōtorohanga
• Geological maps – 1925 Ngaruawahia, Whatawhata-Te Pahu, Pirongia, 1940 Ōtorohanga, upper Waipā and Pakaumanu.
• 1:50,000 map of source of Waipā River
• Google street view images show several parts of the river, the uppermost being at Toa Bridge