Walter Krivitsky
Template:Short description Template:Infobox spy Walter Germanovich Krivitsky (Template:Langx; born Samuel Gershevich Ginsberg; Template:Langx; June 28, 1899 – February 10, 1941)<ref name="Death">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> was a Soviet military intelligence spymaster who defected to the West and revealed plans for the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
Early life
Walter Krivitsky was born on June 28, 1899, to Jewish parents as Samuel Ginsberg in Podwołoczyska, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Pidvolochysk, Ukraine). He adopted the name "Krivitsky," which was based on the Slavic root for "crooked, twisted". It was a revolutionary nom de guerre when he entered the Cheka, the Bolshevik security and intelligence service.
Espionage
Krivitsky operated as an illegal resident spy, with false name and papers, in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Italy, and Hungary. He rose to the rank of control officer. He is credited with having organised industrial sabotage, stealing plans for submarines and planes, intercepting correspondence between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, and recruiting many agents, including Magda Lupescu ("Madame Lepescu") and Noel Field.
Following the decision to create the International Brigade in September 1936, Krivitsky organised in The Hague the recruitment of volunteers for the Spanish Civil War.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In May 1937, Krivitsky was sent to The Hague, Netherlands, to operate as the rezident (regional control officer), operating under the cover of an antiquarian. There he co-ordinated intelligence operations throughout Western Europe.
Defection
While he was in the Hague, the General Staff of the Red Army was subjected to the Great Purge in Moscow, which Krivitsky and his close friend, Ignace Reiss, also then stationed abroad, found deeply disturbing. Reiss wanted to defect, but Krivitsky repeatedly held back. Finally, Reiss defected, as he announced in a defiant letter to Moscow. His assassination, in Switzerland, in September 1937 prompted Krivitsky to defect the following month.
In Paris, Krivitsky began to write articles and made contact with Lev Sedov, Trotsky's son, and the Trotskyists. There, he also met undercover Soviet spy Mark Zborowski, known as "Etienne," whom Sedov had sent to protect him. Sedov died mysteriously in February 1938, but Krivitsky eluded attempts to kill or kidnap him in France, partly by fleeing to Hyères.<ref name="Secret">Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN (1985)</ref>
As a result of Krivitsky's debriefing, the British were able to arrest John Herbert King, a cypher clerk in the Foreign Office. He also gave a vague description of two other Soviet spies, Donald Maclean and John Cairncross but without enough detail to enable their arrest. The Soviet intelligence operation in the United Kingdom was thrown into disarray for a time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
He also identified Brian Goold-Verschoyle as the courier between King in the Foreign Office and his NKVD handler, Theodore Maly.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> But by 1938, disillusioned by the Soviet policy he had witnessed in Spain, the Irish communist had disappeared into the Soviet Gulag.<ref name=":23">Template:Cite book</ref>
Anti-Stalinist activism
At the end of 1938, anticipating the Nazi conquest of Europe, Krivitsky sailed from France to the United States. Krivitsky did not stop with defection; he went on to become a vocal member of the anti-Stalinist Left.<ref name="CIA">Template:Cite web</ref>
In Stalin's Secret Service
With the help of journalist Isaac Don Levine and literary agent Paul Wohl, Krivitsky produced an inside account of Stalin's underhanded methods.<ref name=Hood-intro>Template:Cite book</ref> It appeared in book form as In Stalin's Secret Service (UK title: I Was Stalin's Agent, published by the Right Book Club), published on November 15, 1939,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> after appearing first in sensational serial form in April 1939 in the top magazine of the time, the Saturday Evening Post. (The title had appeared as a phrase in an article written by Reiss's wife on the first anniversary of her husband's assassination: "Reiss... had been in Stalin's secret service for many years and knew what fate to expect."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) The book received a tepid review by the very influential New York Times.<ref>The New York Times and Joseph Stalin, David Martin, March 9, 2008.</ref> Attacked by the American left, Krivitsky was vindicated when the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which he had predicted, was signed in August 1939.
Testimony
Torn between a lingering dedication to Marxist-Leninist ideology and his growing detestation of Stalinism, Krivitsky came to believe that it was his duty to cooperate with the U.S. intelligence community. That decision caused him much mental anguish, as he impressed on his former agent and fellow defector Whittaker Chambers, but to whom Krivitsky ultimately stated, "In our time, informing is a duty" (recounted by Chambers in his autobiography, Witness).<ref name="Witness">Template:Cite book</ref>
Krivitsky testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) in October 1939, and sailed as "Walter Thomas" to London in January 1940 to be debriefed by Jane Archer (Jane Sissmore) of British domestic counterintelligence, MI5. In doing so, he revealed much about Soviet espionage. It is a matter of controversy whether he gave MI5 clues to the identity of Soviet agents Donald Maclean and Kim Philby. It is certain, however, that Lavrenty Beria, the head of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), learned of Krivitsky's testimony and ordered operations to assassinate him.
Death
Krivitsky soon returned to North America, landing in Canada. Always in trouble with the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Krivitsky was not able to return there until November 1940. Krivitsky retained Louis Waldman to represent him on legal matters. (Waldman was a long-time friend of Isaac Don Levine.) Meanwhile, the assassination of Trotsky in Mexico on August 21, 1940, convinced him that he was now at the top of the NKVD hit list. His last two months in New York were filled with plans to settle in Virginia and to write but also with doubts and dread.
On February 10, 1941, at 9:30 a.m., Krivitsky was found dead in the Bellevue Hotel (now Kimpton George Hotel)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in Washington, DC, by a chambermaid, with three suicide notes by the bed. His body was lying in a pool of blood, caused by a single bullet wound to the right temple from a .38 caliber revolver found grasped in Krivitsky's right hand. A report dated June 10, 1941,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> indicates he had been dead for approximately six hours.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to many sources<ref name="Witness" /><ref name="Hyde">Template:Cite journal</ref> (including Krivitsky himself),<ref>Large, David Clay (1991) Between Two Fires: Europe's Path In The 1930s. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. , Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN, p. 308: Just prior to his death, Krivitsky confided to his friend Sidney Hook and others, "If I am ever found apparently a suicide, you will know the NKVD caught up with me."</ref> he was murdered by Soviet intelligence,<ref>Secret murders ordered from the Kremlin (Russian), Interview with Nikita Petrov, historian and vice-president of Memorial Society, at Echo Moskvy.</ref> but the official investigation, unaware of the NKVD manhunt, concluded that Krivitsky committed suicide.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> People with close ties to Krivitsky later recounted opposite interpretations of his death:
- Suicide: Reiss' wife wrote in 1969:
- Assassination: Whittaker Chambers wrote in 1952:
- Assassination: Victor Serge wrote in 1944:
- Assassination: William J. Hood, former CIA head of counterintelligence, wrote in 1984:
Speculation persists into the 21st century. For example, in 2017, Anthony Percy's book Misdefending the Realm (Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press, 2017<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>) argued that Krivitsky was the UK's most important source on Soviet plans, did not receive action from MI5 on the intelligence that he supplied, and was assassinated by Soviet intelligence after Guy Burgess informed Soviet superiors about him. The assassination, Percy argues, cleared the threat of exposure of the Cambridge Five and other moles.
Survivors
At the first news of his death, Whittaker Chambers found Krivitsky's wife, Antonina ("Tonia" according to Kern, "Tonya" according to Chambers) and son Alek in New York City. He took them by train to Florida, where they stayed with Chambers's family, which had already fled New Smyrna. Both families hid there several months, fearing further Soviet reprisals. The families then returned to Chambers's farm in Westminster, Maryland. Within a short time, however, Tonia and Alek returned to New York.<ref name="Witness" />
His wife and son lived in poverty for the rest of their lives.<ref name="Death" /> Alek died of a brain tumor in his early 30s after he had served in the United States Navy and studied at Columbia University. Tonia, who changed her surname legally to "Thomas", continued to live and work in New York City until she retired to Ossining, where she died at 94 in 1996 in a nursing home.<ref name="Death" />
Works
- In Stalin's Secret Service (1939)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (second edition 1939,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 1979,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 1985,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 2000<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>)
- Agent de Staline (French, 1940)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Byłem agentem Stalina (Polish, 1964)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Я был агентом Сталина. Записки советского разведчика (Russian, 1991)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Rusia en España (Spanish, 1939)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- MI5 Debriefing & Other Documents on Soviet Intelligence (2004)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
References
Sources
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- Philipps, Roland. 2018. A Spy Named Orphan: The Enigma of Donald Maclean. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
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Template:The Great Illegals Template:Soviet Spies Template:Authority control
- 1899 births
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