Wansdyke

The Wansdyke on Tan Hill, Wiltshire

Wansdyke (from Woden's Dyke) is a series of early medieval defensive linear earthworks in the West Country of England, consisting of a ditch and a running embankment from the ditch spoil, with the ditching facing north. There are two main parts: an eastern dyke that runs between Savernake Forest, West Woods and Morgan's Hill in Wiltshire, and a western dyke that runs from Monkton Combe to the ancient hill fort of Maes Knoll in historic Somerset. Between these two dykes, there is a middle section formed by the remains of the London-to-Bath Roman road.

Usage

Wansdyke consists of two sections, Template:Convert long with some gaps in between. East Wansdyke is an impressive linear earthwork, consisting of a ditch and bank running approximately east–west, between Savernake Forest and Morgan's Hill. West Wansdyke is also a linear earthwork, running from Monkton Combe south of Bath to Maes Knoll south of Bristol, but less substantial than its eastern counterpart. The middle section, Template:Convert long, is sometimes referred to as 'Mid Wansdyke', but is formed by the remains of the London to Bath Roman road. It used to be thought that these sections were all part of one continuous undertaking, especially during the Middle Ages when the pagan name Wansdyke was applied to all three parts. However, this is not now considered to be certain.

Defence of an unrecorded border

Among the largest defensive earthworks in the United Kingdom, Wansdyke may be compared to both Offa's Dyke (later, and forming a Mercian border with Wales) and Hadrian's Wall (earlier, and forming a border between Britannia and Caledonia). There is some evidence that Wansdyke extended west from Maes Knoll to the coast of the Severn Estuary, but this is uncertain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nennius, an 8th-century Welsh monk who had access to older chronicles since lost, describes these western defences and their purpose, and links them to the legends of King Arthur.Template:Citation needed

Nomenclature and dating

The earthwork is named after their god Woden (Odin), possibly indicating that the incoming Anglo-Saxons had no information about the origins of a structure that was there when they arrived, and which was of no significance to locals at that time.Template:Sfn Its name occurs in charters of the 9th and 10th century AD. Its relationship to the expansion of the West Saxons was considered in 1964 by J.N.L. Myres, who maintained that Wansdyke was constructed by some sub-Roman authority.<ref>Myres, The English Settlements (1986:156); H. Trevor-Roper, "Wansdyke and the origins of Wessex" in Essays in History</ref> Fowler speculates that it was a fortification intended for use against invading Saxons in the 490s, and abandoned when the news of British victory at Mons Badonicus made it redundant.Template:Sfn The name 'Woden's Dyke' eventually became Wansdyke.

East Wansdyke

East Wansdyke in Wiltshire, on the south of the Marlborough Downs, has been less disturbed by later agriculture and building, and is more clearly traceable on the ground than the western part. In places, the bank is up to Template:Convert high and the ditch as much as Template:Convert deep. Since at least the tenth century, there have been gaps, "gates", in the work. The ditch is on the north side, so Wansdyke may have been intended by the Romano-Britons as a defence against West Saxons encroaching from the upper Thames Valley westward into what is now the West Country. Fowler suggests that its plan is consistent with those of Roman border fortifications such as Hadrian's Wall: not just a military defence but intended to control locals and travellers along the Wessex Ridgeway.Template:Sfn He further suggests that the works were never finished, abandoned in the face of a political change that removed their rationale.Template:Sfn

Lieut.-General Augustus Pitt Rivers carried out excavations at the Wansdyke in Wiltshire in the late 19th century, considering it the remains of a great war in which the south-west was being defended.<ref>Pitt-Rivers, "Excavations in Bokerly and Wansdyke', 1892</ref> In 1958, Fox and Fox attributed its construction to the pagan Saxons, probably in the late sixth century.<ref name=foxandfox>Cyril and Aileen Fox, "Wansdyke reconsidered", Archaeological Journal (1958)</ref>

West Wansdyke

Although the antiquarians like John Collinson<ref>Collinson, The History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, 1791</ref> considered West Wansdyke to stretch from Bathampton Down south east of Bath, to the west of Maes Knoll,<ref>For example see Major, A "The course of Wansdyke through Somerset", Somerset Archaeology and Natural History Society Proceedings Vol 70, 22–37 (1924)</ref> a review in 1960 considered that there was no evidence of its existence to the west of Maes Knoll.<ref name=foxandfox /> Keith Gardner refuted this with newly discovered documentary evidence.<ref>Keith Gardner, ""The Wansdyke Diktat? Bristol and Avon Archaeology (1998).</ref> In 2007, a series of sections were dug across the earthwork which showed that it had existed where there are no longer visible surface remains.<ref>Jonathan Erskine, "The West Wansdyke: an appraisal of the dating, dimensions and construction techniques in the light of excavated evidence", Archaeological Journal 164.1, June 2007:80–108). https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2007.11020707 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00665983.2007.11020707</ref> It was shown that the earthwork had a consistent design, with stone or timber revetment. There was little dating evidence but it was consistent with either a late Roman or post-Roman date. A paper in "The Last of the Britons" conference in 2007 suggests that the West Wansdyke continues from Maes Knoll to the hill forts above the Avon Gorge and controls the crossings of the river at Saltford and Bristol as well as at Bath.<ref>Keith Gardner, "The Land of Cyngar the Priest, The Last of the Britons 400–700", published 2009</ref>

As there is little archaeological evidence to date the whole section, it may have marked a division between British Celtic kingdoms or have been a boundary with the Saxons. The evidence for its western extension is earthworks along the north side of Dundry Hill, its mention in a charter and a road name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The area became the border between the Romano-British Celts and the West Saxons following the Battle of Deorham in 577 AD.<ref name="ASC577">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 501–97 AD Template:Webarchive.</ref> According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Saxon Cenwalh achieved a breakthrough against the Britons, with victories at Bradford on Avon (in the Avon Gap in the Wansdyke) in 652 AD,<ref name="ASC652">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 645–56 AD Template:Webarchive</ref> and further south at the Battle of Peonnum (at Penselwood) in 658 AD,<ref name="ASC658">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 658–75 AD Template:Webarchive</ref> followed by an advance west through the Polden Hills to the River Parrett.<ref name="VCH">The Victoria History of the County of Somerset, Vol 1 (1906)</ref> It is however significant to note that the names of the early Wessex kings appear to have a Brythonic (British) rather than Germanic (Saxon) etymology.<ref>Hills, C., (2003) Origins of the English, Duckworth. p. 105: "Records of the West Saxon dynasties survive in versions which have been subject to later manipulation, which may make it all the more significant that some of the founding 'Saxon' fathers have British names: Cerdic, Ceawlin, Cenwalh."</ref>

A Template:Convert section of Wansdyke in Odd Down, which has been designated as an Ancient monument,<ref>Template:NHLE</ref> appears on the Heritage at Risk Register as being in unsatisfactory condition and vulnerable due to gardening.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Modern use of name

The Western Wansdyke gave its name to the former Wansdyke district of the county of Avon and the former Wansdyke Parliamentary constituency.

See also

• Maes Knoll
• Bathampton Down
• Silesian Walls

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Wansdyke Project 21 – A project to preserve Wansdyke (the earthwork), last updated 2008
• Wansdyke – Devizes Heritage website, archived in 2010