White-rumped munia

The white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata) or white-rumped mannikin, sometimes called striated finch in aviculture, is a small passerine bird from the family of waxbill "finches" (Estrildidae). These are not close relatives of the true finches (Fringillidae) or true sparrows (Passeridae).

It is native to tropical continental Asia and some adjacent islands, and has been naturalized in some parts of Japan. Its domesticated descendant, the society finch or Bengalese finch, is found worldwide as a pet and a biological model organism.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the white-rumped munia in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that he believed had been collected from the Isle de Bourbon (Réunion). The specimen is now assumed to have come from Sri Lanka.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He used the French name Le gros-bec de l'Isle de Bourbon and the Latin Coccothraustes Borbonica.<ref name=brisson>Template:Cite book The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.</ref> Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.<ref name=allen>Template:Cite journal</ref> When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.<ref name=allen/> One of these was the white-rumped munia. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia striata and cited Brisson's work.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The specific name striata is Latin for "striated ".<ref name=hbwkey>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This species is now placed in the genus Lonchura that was introduced by the English naturalist William Henry Sykes in 1832.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

There are six subspecies:<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• L. s. acuticauda (Hodgson, 1836) – northern Indian mainland below c. 1,500 metres ASL, north through the Himalayas foothills of Bhutan and Nepal to the Dehradun region of Uttarakhand, India across to Bangladesh to northern Indochina

Medium brown above, except on the face and remiges, buffy below

• L. s. striata (Linnaeus, 1766) – southern Indian mainland, Sri Lanka

Dark chocolate-brown above, white below

• L. s. fumigata (Walden, 1873) – Andaman Islands
• L. s. semistriata (Hume, 1874) – Car Nicobar and Central (Nancowry) group, Nicobar Islands
• L. s. subsquamicollis (Baker, ECS, 1925) – Malay Peninsula to southern Indochina
• L. s. swinhoei (Cabanis, 1882) – east central and east China, Taiwan

A domesticated hybrid called the society finch, sometimes called Lonchura domestica is said by some sources to have L. s. striata in its ancestry, although other theories suggest contributions from the white-throated munia. The hybrid with numerous variants in plumage are thought to have been established by aviculturists in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Description

The white-rumped munia is approximately 10 to 11cm in length, with a stubby grey bill and a long black pointed tail. The adults are brown above and on the breast, and lighter below; the rump is white. There is some variation between the subspecies, but the sexes are almost impossible to distinguish in all subspecies; males have a more bulky head and bill.<ref name = grimmeteetal1999/>

Distribution and habitat

The white-rumped munia is a resident breeder ranging from the Indian subcontinent through Southeast Asia to southern China and Taiwan and to Sumatra; it frequents open woodland, grassland and scrub, and is well able to adapt to agricultural land use.<ref name=IUCN/> It is a common and widespread bird across its large range, and is thus not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. It may locally become a nuisance pest of millets and similar grains. Even the Nicobar Islands subspecies with its limited range seems to be able to cope well with human settlement. As it is a drab-coloured and rather reclusive bird inhabiting dense undergrowth, the white-rumped munia is not necessarily conspicuous even where it occurs in considerable numbers.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Bangs/><ref name=Sankaran/>

Behaviour and ecology

File:White-rumped Munia exploring Baya Weaver Nest.jpg

White-rumped nunia using abandoned Baya weaver nest near Bangalore

The white-rumped munia is a gregarious bird which feeds mainly on seeds, moving through the undergrowth in groups and sometimes accompanying other birds such as puff-throated babblers (Pellorneum ruficeps). The nest is a large domed grass structure in a tree, bush or grass into which three to eight white eggs are laid.<ref name=grimmeteetal1999/><ref name=Inskipp/><ref name=Singh/> It has often been observed near water feeding on algae. It has been suggested that it obtains protein from algae of Spirogyra, which grows in paddy fields.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The white-rumped munia uses abandoned nests of the Baya weaver.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Species factsheet - BirdLife International