William F. Barrett
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Sir William Fletcher Barrett (10 February 1844 – 26 May 1925) was an English physicist and parapsychologist.<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>McCorristine, Shane. (2011). William Fletcher Barrett, Spiritualism and Psychical Research in Edwardian Dublin Estudios Irlandeses 6: 39-53.</ref>
Life
He was born in Jamaica where his father, William Garland Barrett, who was an amateur naturalist, Congregationalist minister and a member of the London Missionary Society, ran a station for saving enslaved African people.<ref>Institution of Electrical Engineers. Sir William Fletcher Barrett (1844-1925), Professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. 1925 Proceedings. Vol. 63. 1925. Institution of Electrical Engineers: Obituaries.</ref> There he lived with his mother, Martha Barrett, née Fletcher, and a brother and sister. The family returned to their native England in Royston, Hertfordshire in 1848 where another sister, the social reformer Rosa Mary Barrett was born. In 1855 they moved to Manchester and Barrett was then educated at Old Trafford Grammar School.<ref name="ONDB">Gauld, Alan. (2004). Barrett, Sir William Fletcher (1844–1925). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. retrieved 2 Feb 2011.</ref>
Barrett then took chemistry and physics at the Royal College of Chemistry and then became the science master at the London International College (1867–9) before becoming assistant to John Tyndall at the Royal Institution (1863–1866).<ref name="ONDB"/> He then taught at the Royal School of Naval Architecture.<ref name="ONDB"/>
In 1873 he became Professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. From the early 1880s he lived with his mother, sister, and two live-in servants in a residence at Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire). Barrett discovered Stalloy (see Permalloy), a silicon-iron alloy used in electrical engineering and also did a lot of work on sensitive flames and their uses in acoustic demonstrations.<ref name="ONDB"/> During his studies of metals and their properties, Barrett worked with W. Brown and R. A. Hadfield. He also discovered the shortening of nickel through magnetisation in 1882.<ref name="ONDB"/>
When Barrett developed cataracts in his later years, he also began to study biology with a series of experiments designed to locate and successfully analyze causative agents within the eyes. The result of these experiments was a machine called the entoptiscope.<ref name="ONDB"/> He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1899<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal Dublin Society. He was knighted in 1912. He married Florence Willey in 1916.<ref name="ONDB"/> He died at home, 31 Devonshire Place in London.<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk"/>
Barrett's last book, Christian Science: An Examination of the Religion of Health was completed and published after his death in 1926 by his sister Rosa M. Barrett.
Psychical research
Barrett became interested in the paranormal in the 1860s after having an experience with mesmerism. Barrett believed that he had been witness to thought transference and by the 1870s he was investigating poltergeists.<ref name="ONDB"/> In September 1876 Barrett published a paper outlining the result of these investigations and by 1881 he had published preliminary accounts of his additional experiments with thought transference in the journal Nature.<ref name="ONDB"/> The publication caused controversy and in the wake of this Barrett decided to found a society of like-minded individuals to help further his research. Barrett held conference between 5–6 January 1882 in London. In February the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) was formed.<ref name="Oppenheim 1985">Oppenheim, Janet. (1985). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137-372. Template:ISBN</ref>
Barrett was a Christian and spiritualist member of the SPR.<ref name="Oppenheim 1985"/> Although he had founded the society, Barrett was only truly active for a year, and in 1884 founded the American Society for Psychical Research.<ref name="ONDB"/> He became president of the society in 1904 and continued to submit articles to their journal.<ref name="ONDB"/> From 1908–14 Barrett was active in the Dublin Section of the Society for Psychical Research, a group which attracted many important members including Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, T.W. Rolleston, Sir Archibald Geikie, and Lady Augusta Gregory.<ref>McCorristine, Shane. (2011). William Fletcher Barrett, Spiritualism, and Psychical Research in Edwardian Dublin. Estudios Irlandeses. Journal of Irish Studies 6: 39-53.</ref>
In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters (Mary, Alice, Maud, Kathleen, and Emily) were tested by Barrett and other members of the SPR who believed them to have genuine psychic ability, however, the sisters later confessed to fraud by describing their method of signal codes that they had utilized.<ref>Hyman, Ray. (1989). The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research. Prometheus Books. pp. 99-106. Template:ISBN</ref> Barrett and the other members of the SPR such as Edmund Gurney and Frederic W. H. Myers had been easily duped.<ref>Wiley, Barry H. (2012). The Thought Reader Craze: Victorian Science at the Enchanted Boundary. McFarland. pp. 82-94. Template:ISBN</ref>
As a believer in telepathy, Barrett denounced the muscle reading of Stuart Cumberland and other magicians as "pseudo" thought readers.<ref>Nicola Bown, Carolyn Burdett, Pamela Thurschwell. (2004). The Victorian Supernatural. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87-108. Template:ISBN</ref>
Barrett helped to publish Frederick Bligh Bond's book Gate of Remembrance (1918) which was based on alleged psychical excavations at Glastonbury Abbey. Barrett endorsed the claims of the book and testified to Bond's sincerity.<ref>Asprem, Egil. (2014). The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900-1939. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 330. Template:ISBN</ref> However, professional archaeologists and skeptics have found Bond's claims dubious.<ref>Nickell, Joe. (2007). Adventures in Paranormal Investigation. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 48-49. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Feder, Kenneth. Archaeology and the Paranormal. In Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 32-43. Template:ISBN</ref>
In 1919, Barrett wrote the introduction to medium Hester Dowden's book Voices from the Void.
Dowsing
Barrett held a special interest in divining rods and in 1897 and 1900 he published two articles on the subject in Proceedings of the SPR.<ref name="ONDB"/> He co-authored the book The Divining-Rod (1926), with Theodore Besterman.<ref name="Mill 1927">Mill, Hugh Robert. (1927). Behind the Divining Rod. Nature 119: 310-311.</ref>
Barrett rejected any physical theory for dowsing such as radiation.<ref name="Mill 1927"/> He concluded that the ideomotor response was responsible for the movement of the rod but in some cases the dowser's unconscious could pick up information by clairvoyance.<ref>Gardner, Martin. (2012 reprint edition). Originally published in 1957. Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. pp. 102-103. Template:ISBN "The first significant "scientific" study of the subject was made in 1891 by Sir William F. Barrett, professor of physics at the Royal College of Science, Ireland. The Dowsing Rod, by Barrett and Theodore Besterman, published in 1926, is one of the leading references on the subject. The book's thesis is that the turning of the rod is due to unconscious muscular action on the part of the dowser, who possesses a clairvoyant ability to sense the presence of water."</ref><ref>Stein, Gordon. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 231. Template:ISBN "Barrett, who believed in telepathy, acknowledged that the dowser's unconscious moving of the rod could be the result of autosuggestion stimulated by cues from the environment. He felt that in some cases, however, the diviner's unconscious was picking up information about the underground water through clairvoyance."</ref>
Reception
Barrett has drawn criticism from researchers and skeptics as being overly credulous for endorsing spiritualist mediums and not detecting trickery that occurred in the séance room. For example, author Ronald Pearsall wrote that Barrett was duped into believing spiritualism by mediumship trickery.<ref>Pearsall, Ronald. (1972). The Table-Rappers. Book Club Associates. p. 219</ref>
Skeptic Edward Clodd criticized Barrett as being an incompetent researcher to detect fraud and claimed his spiritualist beliefs were based on magical thinking and primitive superstition.<ref>Clodd, Edward. (1917). The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism. Grant Richards, London. pp. 265-301</ref> Another skeptic Joseph McCabe wrote that Barrett "talks nonsense of which he ought to be ashamed" as he had poor understanding of conjuring tricks and failed to detect the fraud of the medium Kathleen Goligher.<ref>McCabe, Joseph. (1920). Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined. London: Watts & Co. pp. 59-60</ref>
Psychical researcher Helen de G. Verrall gave Barrett's book Psychical Research a positive review describing it as a "clear, careful account of some of main achievements of psychical research by one who has himself taken part in these achievements and speaks to a large extent from personal knowledge and observation."<ref>Verrall, Helen de G. (1913). Psychical Research by W. F. Barrett. International Journal of Ethics. Volume 23, No 2. pp. 239-240.</ref> However, in the British Medical Journal the book was criticized for ignoring critical work on the subject and being "a negative assault on scientific method generally".<ref>Anonymous (1912). A Study of Psychical Research. British Medical Journal. Vol. 1, No. 2667. pp. 308-309.</ref>
Bibliography
- Practical Physics: An Introductory Handbook for the Physical Laboratory. (1892) London: Percival & Co.
- On the Threshold of a New World of Thought: An Examination of the Phenomena of Spiritualism. (1908) London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
- Psychical Research. (1911) New York: Henry Holt & Co.
- Swedenborg: The Savant and the Seer. (1912) London: Watkins.
- On the Threshold of the Unseen: An Examination of the Phenomena of Spiritualism and of the Evidence for Survival After Death. (1917) London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (Volltext)
- The Divining Rod: An Experimental and Psychological Investigation. [with Theodore Besterman] (1926) London: Methuen & Co.
- Christian Science: An Examination of the Religion of Health [with Rosa M. Barrett] (1926) New York: Henry Holt & Co.
- Deathbed Visions. (1926) London: Methuen & Co.