William H. Murray

Template:Short description Template:For-multi Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder William Henry Davis "Alfalfa Bill" Murray (November 21, 1869 – October 15, 1956) was an American educator, lawyer, and politician who served as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, a U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma, and as the 9th Governor of Oklahoma. He was a Southern Democratic member of the Democratic Party who opposed the New Deal and supported racial segregation.

Murray started his political career with several failed runs for political office in his home state of Texas before moving to Indian Territory where he married Mary Alice Hearrell Murray, the niece of Chickasaw Nation Governor Douglas H. Johnston. Although not American Indian, he was appointed by Johnston as the Chickasaw delegate to the 1905 Convention for the proposed State of Sequoyah and later he was elected as a delegate to and president of the 1906 Oklahoma Constitutional Convention for the proposed state of Oklahoma.

Murray was elected as a representative and the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives after statehood. He also was elected as U.S. Representative (D-Oklahoma), serving between 1913 and 1917.

In the 1920s, he traveled South America attempting to start a colony. He eventually negotiated a contract for a colony with the Bolivian government under President Bautista Saavedra in 1922, but the colony, Aguairenda, was largely unsuccessful. President Hernando Siles eventually cancelled the colony's lease in 1928 after it failed to become profitable and Murray returned to Oklahoma.

After returning to Oklahoma, he was elected the ninth governor of Oklahoma, serving from 1931 to 1935. During his tenure as governor in years of the Great Depression, he established a record for the number of times he used the National Guard to perform duties in the state and for declaring martial law at a time of unrest.

In his later life, Murray published a three-volume memoir and several books which contained racist and antisemitic claims. Historian Reinhard H. Luthin described his populist campaign tactics and rhetoric as demagoguery. His son, Johnston Murray, was later elected Governor of Oklahoma.

Early life, education and family

William Henry Davis Murray was born on November 21, 1869, in Collinsville, Texas.Template:Efn He was born to Uriah Dow Thomas Murray, a grist mill worker, and Bertha Elizabeth (Jones). Uriah Murray was born in Tennessee in 1839, moved to Texas in 1852, and was descended from Scottish immigrants. He had two older brothers: John Shade Murray and George Thomas Murray. He had a younger sister and brother who died in infancy. His mother died when he was two years old and in 1873 his father remarried to Mollie Green, a widow from Montague, Texas.Template:Sfn

After the marriage, Murray moved with his father and brothers to Montague, Texas.Template:Sfn Uriah opened a grocery store and butcher shop and had seven more children with Mollie Green. On September 18, 1881, he ran away from home with his two older brothers. He worked picking cotton, chopping wood, and as a bricklayer before attending public school in Keeter.Template:Sfn Murray attended College Hill Institute in Springtown, Texas, and started selling books to pay for school. He graduated from College Hill with a teaching degree in 1889 and began teaching in a public school in Parker County, Texas.Template:Sfn During this time he attended a Campbellite church, but was not particularly religious.Template:Sfn

Early career in Texas

Murray became politically active and joined the Farmers' Alliance and the Democratic Party, and was a vocal critic of the People's Party.Template:Sfn<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill" /> In 1890, he was a delegate to Texas State Democratic Convention.Template:Sfn In 1891, he wrote for The Farmer's World, a Dallas newspaper.Template:Sfn In 1892, he ran the Texas Senate against Oscar Branch Colquitt and George Taylor Jester, coming in third in the Democratic primary.Template:Sfn In late 1893, he launched The Corsicana Daily News and The Navarro County News with his brother George.Template:Sfn In 1894, he again lost a race for the Texas Senate to Colquitt.Template:Sfn

After reading the law and passing the Texas bar exam in 1897, he moved to Fort Worth, Texas and began practicing law.Template:Sfn He later worked as a writer for the Fort Worth Gazette.<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill"/> He was a skilled orator and campaigned for James Stephen Hogg when the latter ran for Governor of Texas.<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill"/>Template:Sfn

Indian Territory

On March 28, 1898, Murray moved to Tishomingo, the capital of the Chickasaw Nation in the Indian Territory (now eastern Oklahoma), where he quickly became a political and legal advisor to Douglas H. Johnston, the Governor of the Chickasaw Nation.Template:Sfn After he married Johnston's niece Mary Alice Hearrell Murray on July 19, 1899, he was allowed to practice in Chickasaw courts and started a law practice with Chickasaw Senator M. V. Cheadle.Template:Sfn<ref name = "TSHA">Template:Cite web</ref> The couple had five children, including Johnston Murray.Template:Sfn

He acquired his nickname "Alfalfa" around 1902 while working as a political operative for Palmer S. Moseley, gubernatorial candidate for the Oklahoma Territory. Murray frequently toured to give talks to local farmers about politics and farming. He often referred to a large tract of alfalfa which he cultivated. Arthur Sinclair, who heard one of his speeches, reported to the editor of the Tishomingo Capital-Democrat that he had just seen "Alfalfa Bill" deliver one of his finest speeches. The name stuck with Murray for the rest of his life.Template:Citation needed

Sequoyah and Oklahoma constitutional conventions

In 1905, tribal governments in Indian Territory organized a convention to create a constitution for the proposed State of Sequoyah. Governor Johnston appointed Murray to represent the Chickasaw at the convention in Muskogee.Template:Sfn 55 delegates convened for the constitutional convention, with 40 Native American delegates, 14 white delegates, and one Black delegate. The delegates drafted a constitution, which in a referendum was overwhelmingly approved by a 56,279 to 9,073 vote, although half of the qualified voters did not participate in the election.Template:Sfn The Sequoyah Constitution produced by the convention was 35,000 words with 18 articles heavily influenced by the Progressive Era.Template:Sfn

Trying to avoid two new states that might be dominated by Democrats, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt opposed separate statehood for Sequoyah and Oklahoma. Roosevelt insisted that the Indian and Oklahoma territories had to be admitted as one state – Oklahoma.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>In response to Congress's passage of the Enabling Act in 1906, the people of the two territories held a joint convention.Template:Sfn

Chickasaw Governor Johnson encouraged Murray to campaign for the new Oklahoma Constitutional Convention and he defeated C. A. Skeen in the Democratic primary to be a delegate for District 104, which included Tishomingo. In the general election, he received 1,309 votes to the Republican candidate Martin Cheadle's 748 votes and the Socialist candidates James D. French's 113 votes. Of the 112 delegates elected, 99 were Democrats, 12 were Republicans and one was elected as and independent.Template:Sfn 55 each were from Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory with the Osage Nation electing the final two.Template:Sfn

At the convention in Guthrie, Murray worked closely with Robert L. Williams and again with Charles N. Haskell.Template:Sfn

Murray's friend and Oklahoma founding father Charles N. Haskell.

Murray was elected by the delegates in 1906 as the President of the Constitutional Convention by a vote of 97 to 11 over Republican P. B Hopkins.Template:Sfn He kept Haskell close to him, with one newspaper reported Haskell was the "power behind the throne".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Oklahoma Constitution produced under their guidance was substantially based on elements of the Sequoyah Constitution.Template:Sfn

Murray, racism, and the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention

During the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention, Murray supported including segregated schools in the constitution.Template:Sfn During the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, Murray fired all African American clerks and white janitors and rehired them with the white workers as clerks and the African American workers as janitors.Template:Sfn Murray also supported including segregated schools in the Oklahoma Constitution, as well as anti-miscegenation clauses. According to biographer Keith Bryant Jr., Murray believed African Americans should be taught "agriculture, mechanics, and industrial jobs" because they were "a failure as a soldier, doctor, and lawyer."Template:Sfn He also opposed efforts by more radical members to include provisions preventing African Americans from voting in the state.Template:Sfn

The first draft of the state constitution included Jim Crow regulations for schools and railroads, as well as anti-miscegenation clauses.Template:Sfn According to Bryant, Murray and Haskell were sympathetic to the inclusion of the provisions, but they ultimately supported their removal after Oklahoma Territory Governor Frank Frantz announced President Roosevelt would not support the new constitution if they were included.Template:Sfn

Oklahoma politics

Speaker of the Oklahoma House

With the state constitution in place, elections were held in 1907 for offices of the new state government. Murray was elected as a state representative and, after being admitted to office, as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.Template:Sfn His ally Charles Haskell was elected as the state's first governor.

As a speaker, Murray often opposed the progressive work of Kate Barnard, Commissioner of Charities and Corrections,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> supported anti-corporate legislation,Template:Sfn and pushed for Jim Crow laws similar to those in southern states to limit the rights of African Americans.<ref name="Lackmeyer-1">Template:Cite news</ref>

"We should adopt a provision prohibiting the mixed marriages of negroes with other races in this State, and provide for separate schools and give the Legislature power to separate them in waiting rooms and on passenger coaches, and all other institutions in the State … As a rule they are failures as lawyers, doctors and in other professions…I appreciate the old-time ex-slave, the old darky – and they are the salt of their race – who comes to me talking softly in that humble spirit which should characterize their actions and dealings with the white man".<ref>Egan, Timothy. The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2006.</ref>Template:Page needed

Murray also supported the creation of five agricultural high schools that later became junior colleges. Four were named after his friends and the fifth was named after himself.Template:Sfn Some of these junior colleges still live on as the modern day Cameron University, Connors State College, and Murray State College.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Murray left the state legislature after one term and did not seek re-election in 1908.<ref name="Knoxville Focus">Template:Cite web</ref>

1910 and 1918 gubernatorial campaigns and United States Congress

Template:See also In 1910, Murray ran for governor but lost in the Democratic primary to Lee Cruce.Template:Sfn In 1912, Murray lead the Oklahoma delegation to the 1912 Democratic National Convention, where he supported Woodrow Wilson.Template:Sfn Also that year, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives representing Oklahoma's at-large congressional seat.Template:Sfn During his first term he opposed the Federal Reserve Act.Template:Sfn He won re-election in 1914, but lost in 1916. He ran in the 1918 Oklahoma gubernatorial election and lost the Democratic primary.Template:Sfn

Bolivia colony

Murray first visited South America in early 1919, seeing Panama, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay. He was considering starting a colony of Americans decided on the sparsely settled Gran Chaco.Template:Sfn Murray believed "Anglo-Saxon and Germanic races" should settle the area. Murray purchased 500,000 acres at 10 cents per acre with the requirement he settle 200 American families on the land. Between December 1919 and March 1920, he signed up 271 families for his colony. United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing warned Murray that the border dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay made the area he was settling particularly dangerous, but Murray continued his plan until Paraguay built a fort across the river from his claim. Murray returned $50,000 to colonists who had signed up and lost about $5,000 of his own money.Template:Sfn

In July 1921, he met with President Augusto Leguia of Peru and negotiated a 240,000 acre colony where he planned to settle 160 families. The Peruvian government promised to build a road provide access to the land.Template:Sfn However, the road was never built and Murray abandoned the colony.Template:Sfn

In 1922, he negotiated with Bautista Saavedra's government for a colony in Bolivia, this time in the Tarija Department twelve miles north of Yacuiba.Template:Sfn He received 42,000 acres under a 99-year lease for $1,800. He agreed to settle 25 families by December 31, 1925, and the colony had its export taxes waived. While Saavedra supported the colony, Flores Adolfo from the Tarija Department argued against the colony being built on traditional Indian lands in his district.Template:Sfn Proponents of the colony advocated it as a buffer between Paraguay and was approved by the Bolivian Congress in 1923.Template:Sfn

Colonists were required to follow the laws of Bolivia and a code of laws personally written by Murray. Amongst Murray's laws were a ban on brothels and saloons, a requirement to build a poultry shed within two years, a law that Murray owned all agriculture equipment, and a requirement he must personally approve all land transfers. Any change to the laws required a majority vote and Murray's consent.Template:Sfn He barred colonists who were members of labor unions, socialists, Republicans, or born outside the United States. 41 families signed up with 15 leaving on May 4, 1924. About 80 colonists boarded the Oroya in New Orleans before sailing through Havana, the Panama Canal, to Antofagasta, Chile. The caravan then traveled by rail to Tartagal and then on foot to the Tarija Department through the Andes Mountains. The group arrived at Aguairenda, the colony site, on June 18, 1924.Template:Sfn

The colonists immediately discovered much of the best land in the area was already leased by local Indigenous people.Template:Sfn Colonists, mostly living in the school run by the local Catholic mission, were dissatisfied with the colony's poor living conditions.Template:Sfn Most colonists left by the end of 1924 and Murray returned home in June 1925 to recruit more colonists.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Later that year he shifted to trying to recruit Indians from their village at El Palmer.Template:Sfn With the shift in strategy, the colony grew to nearly 400 and ran Bolivia's first cotton gin.Template:Sfn Conflict in the Bolivian Legislature led President Hernando Siles to demand he create a profitable cotton colony or relinquish his concession. His lease was cancelled on August 6, 1928, and Murray transitioned to raising cattle before finally leaving Aguairenda on July 24, 1929.Template:Sfn He returned to Oklahoma on August 24, 1929.Template:Sfn

Governor of Oklahoma

Governor Murray faced the beginnings of both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.

After attending a "Constitutional Convention Reunion" in 1929, Murray announced another campaign for governor on his wife's birthday: January 9, 1930.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The primary election included candidates such as A. S. J. Shaw, Martin E. Trapp, Everette B. Howard, and Frank M. Bailey.Template:Sfn He advanced to a runoff (the first after the state approved a runoff election law) alongside Frank Buttram.Template:Sfn During the runoff campaign, The Daily Oklahoman, the Altus Times-Democrat, and Farmer-Stockman all opposed Murray's campaign with The Daily Oklahoman's Edith Cherry Johnson writing especially harsh columns accusing him of demagoguery.Template:Sfn At the state Democratic convention, Murray tightened his control over the party and secured a party resolution encouraging a boycott of The Daily Oklahoman and the Times-Democrat. The Tulsa Tribune criticized the Democratic Party's boycott as "un-Democratic and un-American."Template:Sfn

Murray won the Democratic nomination, defeating Buttram, the son of a tenant farmer and oil millionaire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn He easily defeated Republican Ira Hill, a former Rough Rider, in the November election.Template:Sfn His campaign slogan, at a time of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, railed against "The Three C's – Corporations, Carpetbaggers, and Coons".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Tenure

Murray was inaugurated as the ninth Governor of Oklahoma on January 12, 1931, and filled state jobs with many of his political allies and members of the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention.Template:Sfn During his campaign for governor, he promised to crack down on corruption and favoritism for the rich, to abolish half the clerk jobs at the State House, to appoint no family members, to reduce the number of state-owned cars from 800 to 200, never to use convict labor to compete with commercial labor, and not to abuse the power of pardon. Once in office, he appointed wealthy patrons and 20 of his relatives to high office, purchased more cars, used prisoners to make ice for sale and clean the capitol building, and violated several other campaign promises. When the State Auditor pointed out that 1,050 new employees had been added to the state payroll, Murray simply said, "Just damned lies". For each abuse of power, Murray claimed a mandate from "the sovereign will of the people".Template:Sfn

During his tenure, he clashed with Oklahoma Superintendent of Public Instruction John Vaughn over his proposed education reforms.Template:Sfn He ordered an investigation into William Bizzell alleging the University of Oklahoma suffered from "flagrant immorality and corruption. Bizzell was charged, but charges were later dropped.Template:Sfn He fired the presidents for Central State College, Langston University, Southeastern State College, Northwestern State College, Northeastern Oklahoma Junior College, and Murray State College.Template:Sfn

National Guard use

Due to the severity of the depression, Murray relied on the Oklahoma National Guard to enforce the state's laws through the use of martial law. Murray did this in spite of impeachment threats from the Oklahoma Senate.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries" /> During his tenure as governor, Murray called out the Guard and charged them with duties ranging from policing ticket sales at University of Oklahoma football games to patrolling the oil fields.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also used the national guard to enforce segregation and prevent Black families from moving into predominantly white neighborhoods.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Murray also used the Guard during the "Toll Bridge War" between Oklahoma and Texas.<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill" /> A joint project to build a free bridge across the Red River on U.S. Highway 75 between Durant, Oklahoma and Denison, Texas turned into a major dispute when the Governor of Texas blocked traffic from entering his state on the new bridge.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries" /> The Red River Bridge Company of Texas owned the original toll bridge and had a dispute over its purchase deal. Murray sent the Guard to reopen the bridge in July 1931. Texas had to retreat when lawyers determined that Oklahoma had jurisdiction over both banks of the river.Template:Citation needed

Murray used the Guard to reduce oil production in the hopes of raising prices. Because of the vast quantity of newly opened wells in Texas and Oklahoma, oil prices had sunk below the costs of production.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries" /> Murray and three other governors met in Fort Worth, Texas to demand lower production. When the Oklahoma producers did not comply, on August 4, 1931, Murray called out the Guard, declared martial law, and ordered that some 3,000 oil wells be shut down.Template:Citation needed

By the end of his administration in 1935, Murray had used the National Guard on 47 occasions and declared martial law more than 30 times. As the state constitution prevented governors from succeeding themselves in office, Murray could not run for reelection and left office on January 15, 1935.Template:Citation needed

Response to Great Depression and opposition to New Deal

He faced the harsh problems of the Great Depression. Under the previous Governor, William J. Holloway, the state government had accumulated a deficit of over $5,000,000 in its effort to encourage jobs and provide welfare. Mass unemployment, mortgage foreclosures, the deficit, and bank failures haunted Murray's administration. In 1931, the legislature appropriated $600,000 for emergency necessities. Through money collected from state employees, businessmen, and his own salary, Murray financed programs to feed Oklahoma's poor. No federal relief program had yet been instituted. Murray became a national leader for the victims of the Depression, and called for a national council for relief to be held at Memphis, Tennessee in June 1931.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries">Template:Cite web</ref>

The government of Oklahoma faced failure, not only because of the massive deficit, but because many of Oklahoma's citizens could not pay their debts. To speed the collection of funds, at Murray's urging the Legislature created the Oklahoma Tax Commission. This three-member commission was responsible for the collection and administration of taxes, licenses and fees from all citizens. The new agency established safeguards against tax evasion and helped to stem the drain on the state's tax revenue.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries" /> In 1933, he supported the abolition of Oklahoma's state property tax, leaving that tax revenue for local governments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

By 1934, he was an anti-New Dealer.Template:Sfn

1932 presidential campaign

Murray lost the Democratic nomination to Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932. He later rejected FDR's New Deal.

In August 1931, Murray launched a campaign for the 1932 United States presidential election in Okmulgee, Oklahoma.Template:Sfn His slogan was "Bread, butter, bacon, and beans".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He testified in front of the United States Congress in January 1932 on the effects of the Great Depression in Oklahoma and dominated the 1932 Oklahoma Democratic State Convention, earning the Oklahoma Democratic Party's support for his campaign.Template:Sfn He railed against Wall Street and demanded cash bonuses for veterans.Template:Sfn

He campaigned against Franklin Delano Roosevelt claiming he suffered from syphilis.<ref name="Savage-1">Template:Cite news</ref> Huey Pierce Long, Jr., the former governor of Louisiana and U.S. senator, recalled visiting Murray in his hotel room at the 1932 Democratic National Convention in Chicago:

"Alfalfa Bill" was very gracious … While we talked at length, he dwelt upon the virtue in the possible candidacies of everybody except Franklin Roosevelt and himself, even suggesting me as a candidate. He understood the favorite son game. I soon saw that I was fencing with a past master in politics. Had I listened to him very long, he would have been at work to make a favorite son candidate out of me. I was then moving Heaven and earth to keep down other favorite son candidates. … Favorite son moves were the most dangerous things we had to fight. …<ref>Huey Pierce Long, Jr., Every Man a King: The Autobiography of Huey P. Long (New Orleans: National Book Club, Inc., 1933), pp. 304–305.</ref>

He was introduced at the 1932 Democratic National Convention by Henry S. Johnston and received little support outside the Oklahoma delegation.Template:Sfn

1938 gubernatorial and 1942 senate campaigns

In 1938, Murray ran for governor, and lost in the Democratic primary.Template:Sfn Later that year, he tried to run for the United States Senate as an Independent, but his nominating petitions were rejected. In 1940, he ran again for the United States House of Representatives against William C. Rogers on isolationism and a new old age pension without tax increases.Template:Sfn In 1942, he ran for the Senate again and lost in the Democratic primary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Later life and death

His wife, Mary Alice Hearrell Murray, died in Oklahoma City on August 28, 1938. Her body lay in state in the Oklahoma Capitol on the afternoon of August 29, 1938; she was the first woman to receive the honor. She was buried in Tishomingo the following day.<ref name="Chronicles-AHM">Template:Cite web</ref>

After his retirement, Murray became widely known for his radical racist, antisemitic, and conspiracy views.<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill" /><ref name="Savage-1" /> Murray supported Strom Thurmond's insurgent Dixiecrat bid for the presidency against Harry S. Truman and Thomas E. Dewey in 1948.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1948, he chaired a Dixiecrat state convention in Oklahoma.Template:Sfn

Murray's son, Johnston Murray, had followed his father into Democratic Party politics.<ref name="EOHC-AlfalfaBill">Template:Cite web</ref> The senior Murray administered the oath of office to his son in 1951 after he was elected as the state's fourteenth governor.<ref name="Ok Dep. of Libraries" />

He was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 1951.<ref name="OKHOF">Template:Cite web</ref>

Murray did not live long past his son's governorship. He died on October 15, 1956, of a stroke and pneumonia. He is buried in Tishomingo.Template:Sfn

Legacy and honors

• Murray State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, is named in William Murray's honor. The community college is located in Tishomingo, Oklahoma.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Alfalfa County, Oklahoma and Murray County, Oklahoma are named in his honor.<ref name="Savage-1" />
• Lake Murray is named in his honor.<ref name="Savage-1" />
• Lake Murray State Park is named in his honor.<ref name="Lackmeyer-1" />
• The Alfalfa Bill Century Bike Ride is an annual fundraiser in Johnston County.<ref name="Lackmeyer-1" />
• The William H. Murray bridge, more commonly known as Pony Bridge, is officially named after Murray.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The Kaiserreich submod, 'Kaiserredux', features Murray as a potential leader for the United States.

Removal of honors

In June 2020, Murray Hall and North Murray Hall at Oklahoma State University were "un-named" and a search for new names began.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Antisemitism and racism

In the 21st century, Murray's legacy has drawn criticism from historians, such as William Savage Jr, because he supported racist and antisemitic policies, and because he published segregationist books.<ref name="Savage-1" /> He supported the passage of the first Jim Crow laws in Oklahoma and he advocated the deportation of Jewish people to Madagascar.<ref name="Korth-1">Template:Cite news</ref>

Electoral history

In 1892, Murray's first run for political office was for the Texas Senate. He placed third at a district nominating convention, behind Oscar Branch Colquitt and George Jester.Template:Sfn

Works

• The Finished Scholar (1941)Template:Sfn
• Memoirs of Alfalfa Bill Murray and the True History of Oklahoma, three volume work (1945)<ref name="Savage-1" />
• Murray's Essays on Pocahontas and Pushmataha (1924)Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The Negro's Place in the Call of Race<ref name="Savage-1" />
• PalestineTemplate:Sfn
• Rights of AmericansTemplate:Sfn
• Uncle Sam Needs a Doctor<ref>Uncle Sam Needs a Doctor loc.gov. Library of Congress Retrieved November 30, 2024.</ref>

State of the State speeches

• First State of the State Speech Template:Webarchive
• Second State of the State Speech Template:Webarchive
• Third State of the State Speech Template:Webarchive

Works cited

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External links

• William H. Murray Collection, Carl Albert Center, Oklahoma University