William McGonagall

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer William McGonagall (March 1825<ref name=campbell>Template:Cite book</ref> – 29 September 1902) was a Scottish poet and public performer. He gained notoriety as an extremely bad poet who exhibited no recognition of, or concern for, his peers' opinions of his work.

He wrote about 200 poems, including "The Tay Bridge Disaster" and "The Famous Tay Whale", which are widely regarded as some of the worst in English literature. Groups throughout Scotland engaged him to make recitations from his work, and contemporary descriptions of these performances indicate that many listeners were appreciating McGonagall's skill as a comic music hall character. Collections of his verse remain popular, with several volumes available today.

McGonagall has been lampooned as the worst poet in British history. The chief criticisms are that he was deaf to poetic metaphor and unable to scan correctly. His only apparent understanding of poetry was his belief that it needed to rhyme. McGonagall's fame stems from the humorous effects these shortcomings are considered to generate in his work. ScholarsTemplate:Who argue that his inappropriate rhythms, weak vocabulary, and ill-advised imagery combine to make his work amongst the most unintentionally amusing dramatic poetry in the English language. His work is in a long tradition of narrative ballads and verse written and published about great events and tragedies, and widely circulated among the local population as handbills. In an age before radio and television, their voice was one way of communicating important news to an avid public.

Origins and early life

William McGonagall's parents, Charles and Margaret, were Irish. His Irish surname is a variation on Mag Congail, a popular name in County Donegal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Throughout his adult life he claimed to have been born in Edinburgh, giving his year of birth variously as 1825<ref name=summary>Template:Cite web</ref> or 1830,<ref name=brief>Template:Cite web</ref> but his entry in the 1841 Census gives his place of birth, like his parents', as "Ireland".<ref name=census>Template:Cite web</ref> Biographer Norman Watson suggests that McGonagall may have falsified his place of birth, as a native-born Scotsman would be better treated under the Poor Law of 1845 than one born in Ireland.<ref name=watson>Template:Cite book</ref> By looking at census, marriage and death records, David Phillips identifies 1825 as the more likely birth date.<ref name=abbey>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The McGonagall family moved several times in search of work, possibly spending time in Glasgow and on South Ronaldsay<ref name=summary/> before settling in Dundee around 1840. Here, William was apprenticed to follow his father's trade as a handloom weaver, putting an end to whatever formal education he may have had. Having learned his trade, McGonagall proceeded to educate himself, taking "great delight in reading books", particularly cheap editions of Shakespeare's plays.<ref name=brief/>

On 11 July 1846,<ref name="odnb">Template:Cite ODNB</ref> he married Jean King, a fellow mill worker from Stirling. Together they had five sons and two daughters. Despite the Industrial Revolution slowly making weavers obsolete, McGonagall appeared to prosper, as there was still need for skilled workers to perform tasks of great complexity.<ref name=hunt>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Whilst working at the loom, McGonagall would entertain his shopmates with recitations from Shakespeare. On one occasion they paid a local theatre owner to allow him to appear in the title role in a production of Macbeth. Convinced that the actor playing Macduff was envious of him, McGonagall refused to die in the final act. For this performance, the Book of Heroic Failures awarded him the title of the "worst Macbeth" as well as "worst British poet".<ref name="pile">Template:Cite book</ref>

Career

The turning point in McGonagall's life came in June 1877. After his eldest daughter had shamed the family by giving birth to an illegitimate child, work as a weaver had become more difficult to find;Template:R at this point, he was seized with a new inspiration:

McGonagall realised if he were to succeed as a poet, he required a patron and wrote to Queen Victoria. He received a letter of rejection, written by a royal functionary, thanking him for his interest.Template:R McGonagall took this as praise for his work. During a trip to Dunfermline in 1879, he was mocked by the Chief Templar at the International Organisation of Good Templars, of which McGonagall was a member, who told him his poetry was very bad.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> McGonagall told the man that "it was so very bad that Her Majesty had thanked McGonagall for what the Chief Templar had condemned."Template:R

The letter gave McGonagall confidence in his "poetic abilities", and he felt his reputation could be enhanced further if he were to give a live performance before the Queen. In July 1878, he walked from Dundee to Balmoral, a distance of about Template:Convert over mountainous terrain and through a violent thunderstorm to perform for Queen Victoria. When he arrived, he announced himself as "The Queen's Poet". The guards informed him "You're not the Queen's poet! Tennyson is the Queen's poet!" (Alfred, Lord Tennyson was the Poet Laureate.) McGonagall presented the letter but was refused entry and had to return home.<ref name=brief/> Undeterred, he continued writing poetry, and he reported events to the newspapers, earning some minor recognition.Template:R

Throughout his life McGonagall campaigned against excessive drinking, appearing in pubs and bars to give edifying poems and speeches, which proved popular.<ref name="pile"/> He met with the ire of the publicans, on one occasion being pelted with peas for reciting a poem about the evils of "strong drink".<ref name=reminiscences>Template:Cite book</ref>

McGonagall's performances quickly gained a reputation of leading to raucous audience reception, frequently being interrupted and drowned out during his recitations, food being pelted at him, and on some occasions, being forcefully carried out of the venue and paraded on the attendees' shoulders in the streets.<ref name="July 1879">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite this, in an April 1880 interview, McGonagall seemed convinced of his own prowess, declaring to the reporter that he was "more versatile than Shakespeare" and that the only other man that could match McGonagall was Edmund Kean.<ref name="versatile">Template:Cite news</ref> Three months later, McGonagall sustained injuries to his head and left arm when the crowd, either accidentally or purposefully, dropped him onto the street while carrying him on their shoulders following a performance: he reportedly attributed his survival to his "good thick felt hat, [his] long and thick Bohemian locks, and above all, the 'genius of poetry.'"<ref name="Accident">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1883 he celebrated the official opening of University College, Dundee with the poem "The Inauguration of University College Dundee" which opens with the stanza:<ref name=Contact>Template:Cite web</ref>

McGonagall constantly struggled financially and earned money by selling his poems in the streets, or reciting them in halls, theatres and public houses. When he was in periods of financial insecurity, his friends supported him with donations.Template:R In 1880, he sailed to London to seek his fortune, and in 1887 to New York. In both instances, he returned unsuccessful.Template:R

In 1885, McGonagall aided in distributing a biography of him entitled "The Book of the Lamentations of the Poet Macgonagall", which had been written following a collaboration with a reporter named John Willocks. McGonagall was met with confusion when the proctor of a local school closed the book with contempt after reading one of the first sentences.<ref name="Spence">Template:Cite magazine</ref> McGonagall himself had not read the book prior to selling it, which had the phrase "dedicated to himself, knowing none greater" inscribed on the front cover. The supposed autobiography had portrayed him as a pompous man with an overly obscure vocabulary who constantly looked down on others in his life, while also frequently being subject to his domineering wife: the opening sentence that caused the most issue read

McGonagall initially believed that the word "bibulous" referred to his parents being devoted to Christianity even in hard times, but was enraged once the proctor had explained that the word actually referred to being drunkards. After he threatened to sue Willocks, the latter withdrew the book from publication and wrote him a letter of apology (although in 1905, three years after McGonagall's death, Willocks republished the book).<ref name="Lamentations" /> McGonagall subsequently wrote a poem about temperance, which he dedicated to his deceased "sober living & god-fearing" parents, opening with

Starting in December 1888, McGonagall found lucrative work performing his poetry at a local circus presented by entertainer Burlington Brumell. He read his poems while the crowd was permitted to pelt him with eggs, flour, herrings, potatoes and stale bread. For this, he received fifteen shillings a night, and despite occasionally losing his temper and ending his performances early due to the crowd's treatment, he seemed fine with the overall arrangement. However, when Brumell was in the process of renewing a year-long license for the circus in August 1889, the magistrates threatened to withhold it unless the "lower-class" entertainments were discontinued; Brumell conceded and discontinued McGonagall's employment. Template:R

Throughout his life McGonagall seemed oblivious to the general opinion of his poems, even when his audience were pelting him with eggs and vegetables. Author Norman Watson speculates in his biography of McGonagall that he may have been on the "autism-Asperger's spectrum". Christopher Hart, writing in The Sunday Times, says that this seems "likely".<ref>The Sunday Times (London), 7 November 2010.</ref>

In 1890, McGonagall was in dire straits financially. To help him, his friends funded the publication of a collection of his work, Poetic Gems. The proceeds provided McGonagall with enough money to live on for a time.Template:R By 1893, he was annoyed by his mistreatment in the streets and wrote an angry poem threatening to leave Dundee. One newspaper quipped that he would probably stay for another year once he realised "that Dundee rhymes with 1893".Template:R Though trying his hand at writing prose and endorsements for local businesses for a short time,Template:R in 1894, he and his wife were forced to move to Perth.

Soon after, he received a letter purporting to be from representatives of King Thibaw Min of Burma. In it, he was informed that the King had knighted him as Topaz McGonagall, Grand Knight of the Holy Order of the White Elephant Burmah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite the fact that this was a fairly transparent hoax,Template:R McGonagall would refer to himself as "Sir William Topaz McGonagall, Knight of the White Elephant, Burmah" in his advertising for the rest of his life.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1895, McGonagall and his wife moved to Edinburgh. Here, McGonagall met with some success, becoming a "cult figure"Template:R and was in great demand. It did not last long, and by 1900 he was once again destitute and now old and sickly. Though he was now too frail to walk the streets selling his poems, donations from friends, as ever, kept him afloat.Template:R

Memorial to William McGonagall in Greyfriars Kirkyard

He died penniless in 1902, above what is now The Captain's Bar in Edinburgh's South College Street<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was buried in an unmarked grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh. A wall-mounted memorial installed to his memory in 1999 is inscribed:

Additionally, a plaque above 5 South College Street in Edinburgh shows an image of McGonagall, and bears the inscription:

Tay Bridge Disaster

Original Tay Bridge (from the north).

Original Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster.

"The Tay Bridge Disaster" has been widely reproduced,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and recounts the events of the evening of 28 December 1879, when, during a severe gale, the Tay Rail Bridge near Dundee collapsed as a train was passing over it. It begins:

(Modern sources give the death toll as 75.)

And finishes:

More than a year before the disaster,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> McGonagall had written a poem in praise of the Tay Bridge: "The Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay", in which he specifically expressed a desire

Honours and memorials

A plaque above McGonagall's last residence records his death in 1902

Memorial plaque near to McGonagall's grave in Edinburgh dated 1999

McGonagall Square in Dundee

McGonagall's home city of Dundee maintains several reminders of his life:

• The William Topaz McGonagall Appreciation Society held a McGonagall Supper on board the frigate Unicorn on 12 June 1997, during which the courses were allegedly served in reverse order, starting with the coffee and ending with the starters. A short play was performed by local actors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Beginning in 2004, the Dundee Science Centre Education Outreach has hosted an annual Charity McGonagall Gala Dinner,<ref>[1] Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> in which guests eat their meal backwards from dessert to starter and hear the welcome address as they depart, "combining traditional and unconventional entertainment, with four-course dinner, complimentary wine and whisky".
• There is a McGonagall Square in the West End of Dundee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• A number of inscriptions of his poetry have been made, most notably along the side of the River Tay on the pavement of Riverside Drive in Dundee. This monument contains a deliberate spelling mistake reading, Template:Not a typo railway bridge of the silv'ry Tay".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Dundee Central Library maintains a William McGonagall Collection of his works.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Scottish literature
• Poetaster

External links

• McGonagall Online Template:Webarchive
• William McGonagall in the Poetry Foundation