William Nicholson (chemist)
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William Nicholson (13 December 1753Template:Spaced ndash21 May 1815) was an English writer, translator, publisher, scientist, inventor, patent agent and civil engineer. He launched the first monthly scientific journal in Britain, Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts, in 1797, and remained its editor until 1814. In 1800, he and Anthony Carlisle were the first to achieve electrolysis, the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen, using a voltaic pile. Nicholson also wrote extensively on natural philosophy and chemistry.
Early life
Nicholson was educated in Yorkshire, and after leaving school, he made two voyages as a midshipman in the service of the British East India Company.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His first voyage was to India and the second voyage was to China on board the Gatton, (1772-1773).
Subsequently, having become acquainted with Josiah Wedgwood in 1775, he moved to Amsterdam, where he made a living for a few years as Wedgwood's agent.
On his return to England he was persuaded by Thomas Holcroft to apply his writing talents to the composition of light literature for periodicals, while also assisting Holcroft with some of his plays and novels – Alwyn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Duplicity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Meanwhile, he devoted himself to the preparation of An Introduction to Natural Philosophy, which was published in 1782 by Joseph Johnson and was at once successful. Translations for Joseph Johnson included Voltaire's Elements of the Philosophy of Newton as well as M. Maistre de La Tour's History of Hyder Shah in 1784. He then published The Navigator's Assistant<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> based on his time with the East India Company .
In 1784 he was proposed by Josiah Wedgwood (the current chairman) and appointed as secretary to the General Chamber of Manufacturers of Great Britain, and he was also connected with the Society for the Encouragement of Naval Architecture, established in 1791.
Scientific work
On 12 December 1783, Nicholson was elected to the "Chapter Coffee House Philosophical Society". He was proposed by Jean-Hyacinthe Magellan and seconded by horologist John Whitehurst.<ref>Trevor Harvey Levere, Gerard L'Estrange Turner, Jan Golinski, Larry R. Stewart (2002) "Discussing Chemistry and Steam – The minutes of a coffee house philosophical society 1780–1787", Oxford University Press Template:ISBN.</ref>
Nicholson communicated to the Royal Society in 1789 two papers on electrical subjects. In the same year he reviewed the controversy which had arisen over Richard Kirwan's essay on phlogiston, and published a translation of the adverse commentaries by the French academicians (Lavoisier, Monge, Berthollet, and Guyton de Morveau) as 'An Essay on Phlogiston, to which are added Notes.'<ref>Template:Cite DNB</ref>
In 1784 he invented the Nicholson hydrometer, a constant volume hydrometer to measure specific gravity of liguids or solids, with a pan for small weights on top and a small container ("basket") on the bottom into which a sample can be placed.<ref>http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Fluids/Nicholsons_Hydrometer/Nicholsons_Hydrometer.html Nicholson's Hydrometer, kenyon.edu</ref>
in 1790, William Nicholson obtained a patent for a cylindrical printing machine<ref>Patent 1748</ref> – a design which was copied in the US<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Barcelona, before Friedrich Koenig developed and commercialised the concept in 1814.
In 1797 he founded, published, and wrote part of the Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, generally known as Nicholson's Journal, the earliest monthly scientific work of its kind in Great Britain. The journal published the first known aerodynamic analysis of gliders and heavier-than-air fixed-wing flying machines designs, by George Cayley in 1809–1810.<ref name="AerNav123">Cayley, George. "On Aerial Navigation" Part 1 Template:Webarchive, Part 2 Template:Webarchive, Part 3 Template:Webarchive Nicholson's Journal of Natural Philosophy, 1809–1810. (Via NASA).</ref> The publication continued until 1814.
Nicholson held a life-long interest in horology, and he became good friends with clockmakers Edward Nairne and J.H. de Magellan. Between April 1797 and August 1799, he wrote four papers of his own on the aspects of timekeeping and throughout his editorship of the Journal (between 1797 and 1813) he published numerous papers by others on the topic. Nicholson had at least two clocks made to his own designs, and his innovations include ‘creating new types of escapement and temperature compensation for pendulum clocks’.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One, a skeleton clock, is privately owned. The other is a table regulator with Nicholson’s own form of gravity escapement, dated 1797, in the Ilbert Collection at the British Museum. Described as ‘a unique piece’ with ‘a movement of most unusual and interesting design it has also been called ‘one of the most ingenious’ early pendulum temperature compensators.
In 1799 he established a school in London's Soho Square, where he taught natural philosophy and chemistry, with the aid of a grant of £1,500 from Thomas Pitt.
Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle demonstrated sustained electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen using a voltaic pile for the first time in May 1800.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The two were then appointed to a chemical investigation committee of the new Royal Institution. But his own interests shortly turned elsewhere.<ref>Template:ODNBweb</ref><ref>Enterprise and electrolysis. Chemistry World, August 2003, Royal Society of Chemistry</ref> In 1809 he became a first class corresponding member, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Besides considerable contributions to the Philosophical Transactions, Nicholson wrote translations of Fourcroy's Chemistry (1787) and Chaptal's Chemistry (1788), First Principles of Chemistry (1788) and a Chemical Dictionary (1795); he also edited the British Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (6 vols., London, 1809). A sceptical critique of biblical miracles, The Doubts of Infidels, though published anonymously, is attributed to Nicholson.
Later life
During the later years of his life, Nicholson's attention was chiefly directed to water supply engineering at Portsmouth, at Gosport and in Hammersmith. William Nicholson died in Bloomsbury at the age of 61 on 21 May 1815, attended by Sir Anthony Carlisle.
See also
References
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Largely based on the public domain Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition and Mike Chrimes, article "Nicholson, William", in Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers, vol. 1 1500–1830, 2002 Template:ISBN
Further reading
- Gino Loria. 1916. "The Philosophical Magazine and History of Mathematics" Mathematical Gazette 8:325–9.
- Iain P. Watts. 2014. We want no authors': William Nicholson and the contested role of the scientific journal in Britain, 1797–1813. Cambridge University Press.
- Sue Durrell (editor). 2018. Template:Usurped. Published by Peter Owen.
- Anna Gielas. 2020. "Turning tradition into an instrument of research: The editorship of William Nicholson (1753–1815)" Centaurus. International Journal of the History of Science and its Cultural Aspects 62:38–53.
- Jonathan Betts ‘Two Precision Clocks by William Nicholson’ in Antiquarian Horology Volume 44, 2023.
External links
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- 1753 births
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- Writers from London
- 18th-century British journalists
- 18th-century English chemists
- English male journalists
- 18th-century English philosophers
- British encyclopedists
- Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 18th-century English translators
- 18th-century English male writers
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