William Paterson (explorer)

Colonel William Paterson, FRS (17 August 1755 – 21 June 1810) was a Scottish soldier, explorer, Lieutenant Governor and botanist best known for leading early settlement at Port Dalrymple in Tasmania.

Early years

A native of Montrose, Scotland, Paterson was interested in botany as a boy and trained in horticulture at Syon in London.<ref name="Smith, N. 2005, pp. 8">Smith, N., 'William Paterson: amateur colonial botanist, 1755–1810’, Australian Garden History, 17 (1), 2005, pp. 8–10.</ref> Paterson was sent to the Cape Colony by the wealthy and eccentric Countess of Strathmore to collect plants, he arrived in Table Bay on board the "Houghton" in May 1777. He made four trips into the interior between May 1777 and March 1780, when he departed. In 1789 Paterson published Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria,Template:Refn which he dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Career

Paterson was originally commissioned as an ensign in the 98th Regiment of Foot and served in India. He later transferred to the 73rd Regiment of Foot after the 98th's disbandment in 1787. In 1789, he was promoted to captain in the New South Wales Corps, serving under Major Francis Grose.<ref>"Officers of His Majesty's New South Wales Corps of Foot" in Bladen (ed.) 1978, p. 223</ref> After some time spent recruiting, he arrived in Sydney in October 1791. From November 1791 until March 1793 he served in command on Norfolk Island. Whilst there he collected botanical, geological and insect specimens and sent them to Banks. He also provided seed to the Lee and Kennedy and Colvill nurseries.<ref name="Smith, N. 2005, pp. 8"/> He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1798.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1794 he served for a year as Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales. In 1800 he was re-appointed to the post and served a second term until 1808.

In May 1795, following the killing of two unarmed settlers, Paterson ordered a party of corps to the area:

destroy as many (Aboriginal Australians) as they could meet with ... in the hope of striking terror, to erect gibbets in different places, whereon the bodies of all they might kill were to be hung ...<ref name="Collins 1804"/>Template:Rp

Seven or eight Bediagal people were allegedly killed, although their bodies were never found, it is possible they had been recovered by the Bediagal people. A crippled man, some children and five women were taken to Sydney as prisoners. The crippled man, escaped. One of the women had sustained a gunshot wound to her shoulder, her weaning child was also injured. The child died not long after arriving at the settlement. One of the women delivered a child while in custody, unfortunately her newborn son died shortly after the birth. The remaining children along with all of the women where released.<ref name="Collins 1804">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Afterwards Patterson ordered the soldiers withdraw from the area, soon after the Bediagal people attacked another farm, and put an unarmed settler and his son to death: after having seen her husband and her child slaughtered, the wife and mother was then also seriously wounded in the attack. In consequence, another party of the corps was sent out; while they were there the Bediagal did not attack and remained at a distance. Patterson had no other choice than to assign the soldiers permanently to avoid the ongoing cycle of attack followed by reprisal.<ref name="Collins 1804"/>Template:Rp

In 1801, Paterson fought a duel with John Macarthur and was wounded in the shoulder.<ref name="ADB" />

He led an expedition to the Hunter Region in 1801 and up the Paterson River (later named in his honour by Governor King).<ref name=":0" /> The expedition discovered coal in the area that would later become the vast South Maitland Coalfields; it was a discovery of great economic significance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1804, he led an expedition to Port Dalrymple, in what is now Tasmania, exploring the Tamar River and going up the North Esk River farther than European had previously gone.<ref name=":0"> Template:Citation </ref>

Between 1804 and 1808 Paterson was also appointed Commandant at Port Dalrymple, the administrator of the colony in the north of Van Diemen's Land.<ref name="Serle">Template:Dictionary of Australian Biography</ref> In 1806, Paterson's duties as commander of the New South Wales Corps required him to return to Sydney, but he went back to Van Diemen's Land in 1807, and stayed until December 1808. During this time he corresponded regularly with the eminent naturalist Sir Joseph Banks, sending a number of specimens.<ref name="ADB"/>

The New South Wales Corps selected Paterson as acting Governor of New South Wales on 1 January 1809 after the deposition of Governor Captain William Bligh in the so-called "Rum Rebellion." He was replaced by the newly arrived Lachlan Macquarie by the end of the year. He left Sydney for England on 12 May 1810, but died on board HMS Dromedary while off Cape Horn just a few weeks later.<ref name="ADB"/>

His widow Elizabeth married Francis Grose, Paterson's predecessor as Lieutenant Governor, in April 1814, but Grose died a month later. Elizabeth died in Liverpool, England in 1839.<ref name="ADB">Template:Cite AuDB</ref>

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Alexander, Alison (editor) (2005), The Companion to Tasmanian History, Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart. Template:ISBN.
• Vernon S. Forbes and John Rourke (1980), Paterson's Cape Travels, 1777 to 1779, Johannesburg, Brenthurst Press. Template:ISBN
• Template:Cite journal
• Robson, L.L. (1983) A history of Tasmania. Volume 1. Van Diemen's Land from the earliest times to 1855, Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN
• Anne-Maree Whitaker (2004), 'Mrs Paterson's keepsakes: the provenance of some significant colonial documents and paintings', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society.[1]
• Brendan Whiting (2004), Victims of Tyranny: The Story of the Fitzgerald Convict Brothers, Harbour Publishing. Template:ISBN

External links

• Short biography from the Australian National Botanic Gardens