William Smith (Latter Day Saints)

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:Other people|otherPeople}} Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Latter Day Saint biography William Smith (also found as William B. Smith) (March 13, 1811 – November 13, 1893) was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and one of the original members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Smith was the eighth child of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith and was a younger brother of Joseph Smith Jr., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.

After the 1844 murders of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, William Smith claimed leadership of the Latter Day Saints and attracted a small number of followers. Most church members accepted Brigham Young as rightful leader of the church, and Smith was later affiliated with the Strangite and Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ).

Early life

Born in Royalton, Vermont, Smith and his family suffered considerable financial problems and moved several times in the New England area. He was living in the home of his parents near Manchester, New York, when his brother Joseph reported that he had taken golden plates from the hill Cumorah. William was told by Joseph that he could not view the golden plates but was allowed to reach into the case and feel what Joseph said were the plates. William was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints on June 9, 1830, by David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon.

Church leadership

On February 14, 1835, the Three Witnesses designated Phineas Young, brother of Brigham, as one of the inaugural members of the Quorum of the Twelve. However, Joseph Smith insisted that his own younger brother, William, be selected instead. Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer later reported that William's selection was "contrary to our feelings and judgment, and to our deep mortification ever since."<ref>Oliver Cowdery to Brigham Young, February 27, 1848; and Zenas H. Gurley Jr. interview of David Whitmer on January 14, 1885; both in LDS Church History Library.</ref> William Smith was ordained an apostle on February 15.

On May 4, 1839, Smith and Orson Hyde were suspended from the Quorum of the Twelve by a vote of the church;<ref>History of the Church 3:345.</ref> however, Smith was readmitted to the Quorum on May 25.<ref>History of the Church 3:364.</ref> From April to December 1842, Smith was the editor of The Wasp, a secular but pro-Mormon newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois.<ref name = Wasp>Jerry C. Jolley, "The Sting of the Wasp: Early Nauvoo Newspaper—April 1842 to April 1843", 22 BYU Studies (Fall 1982) 487–96.</ref> Smith was fierce in his editorial criticism of the anti-Mormon newspaper the Warsaw Signal and its editor Thomas C. Sharp, whom Smith referred to in the Wasp as "Thom-ASS C. Sharp".<ref name = Wasp/><ref>Wasp, April 30, 1842, p. 2.</ref> Smith resigned as the editor of The Wasp after he was elected to the Illinois General Assembly, and he was succeeded by fellow-apostle John Taylor, who edited The Wasp for another five months before replacing it with the Nauvoo Neighbor.<ref>Darwin L. Hays, "Nauvoo Neighbor" in Daniel H. Ludlow (ed.) (1992). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. (New York: Macmillan) p. 999.</ref>

On May 24, 1845, Smith succeeded his late brother Hyrum Smith as the Presiding Patriarch of the church.<ref>History of the Church 7:418.</ref> Shortly after his ordination to this position, Brigham Young printed a clarification in a church newspaper that stated that Smith had not been ordained as patriarch over the church, but rather as patriarch to the church;<ref>"Patriarchy", Times and Seasons, vol. 6, no. 10 (1845-06-01) pp. 920–22.</ref> Smith regarded this clarification as a slight, and it exacerbated the growing tension between Smith and Young. Smith was patriarch to the church until October 6, 1845, when his name and positions were read at general conference, but fellow apostle Parley P. Pratt expressed objections due to his character and practices. The conference attenders unanimously voted against Smith being retained as both an apostle and the patriarch, and he lost both offices and was disfellowshipped from the church.<ref>B. H. Roberts (ed.), History of the Church 7:457–59.</ref><ref>Hosea Stout journal, October 6, 1845.</ref> Smith responded by submitting a lengthy statement to Sharp's Warsaw Signal, in which he compared Young to Pontius Pilate and Nero and accused Young and other members of the Twelve of secretly keeping multiple "spiritual wives".<ref>William Smith, "A Proclamation", Warsaw Signal, 1845-10-29. The newspaper did not print Smith's statement until after he was excommunicated.</ref> As a result of Smith's statement, Smith was excommunicated from the church by Young and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on grounds of apostasy on October 19, 1845.<ref name = excom>B. H. Roberts (ed.), History of the Church 7:483.</ref>

Relationship with Joseph Smith

The relationship between Smith and his older brother Joseph was, at times, quite rocky. William is believed to have physically fought with or attempted to fight with Joseph on more than one occasion. In October 1835, a fist fight between the two was narrowly averted.<ref>History of the Church 2:294–95.</ref> Weeks later, in December, there was an altercation between the two at a debating school being held in their father's home,<ref>Arnold K. Garr, "Joseph Smith: Man of Forgiveness," in Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr. (ed.), Joseph Smith: The Prophet, The Man (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993) pp. 127–36.</ref><ref>History of the Church 2:334–35.</ref> and it is said that at the time Joseph died, he was still suffering the physical effects of the beating that he received.<ref>Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia 1:87.</ref>

Later involvement with Latter Day Saint groups

As a result of Smith's excommunication, he did not follow Young and the majority of Latter Day Saints who settled in Utah Territory. Rather, Smith followed the leadership of James J. Strang and was involved with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite).<ref name = Melton>J. Gordon Melton (1996, 5th ed.). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Detroit, Michigan: Gale) p. 576.</ref>

In 1847, Smith announced that he was the new president of the Latter Day Saint church and that he held a right to leadership due to the doctrine of lineal succession. He excommunicated Young and the leadership of the LDS Church and announced that the Latter Day Saints who were not in apostasy by following Young should gather in Lee County, Illinois.<ref name = Melton/> In 1849, Smith gained the support of Lyman Wight, who led a small group of Latter Day Saints in Texas.<ref name = Melton/> However, Smith's church did not last, and within a few years it dissolved.

Smith's relationship with Young remained strained until Young's death in 1877. Smith believed that Young had arranged for William's older brother Samuel to be poisoned in 1844 to prevent his accession to the presidency of the church.<ref>Jon Krakauer (2003). Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith (New York: Doubleday) p. 194.</ref><ref>D. Michael Quinn (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) pp. 152–53.</ref><ref>William Smith, "Mormonism: A Letter from William Smith, Brother of Joseph the Prophet", New York Tribune, May 19, 1857.</ref> However, in 1860, Smith wrote a letter to Young stating that he desired to join the Latter-day Saints in the Salt Lake Valley.<ref>Paul M. Edwards, "William B. Smith: The Persistent 'Pretender'", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 18, no. 2 (1985) pp. 128–39 at pp. 131–32.</ref> Shortly after sending the letter, Smith became involved as a soldier in the American Civil War, and after the war he did not show any interest in moving to Utah Territory.

In 1878, Smith became a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church),<ref name = Melton/> which was organized in 1860 with Smith's nephew, Joseph Smith III, as its leader. The majority of William Smith's followers also became members of the RLDS Church. While Smith believed that he was entitled to become the presiding patriarch or a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles of the RLDS Church, his nephew did not agree and William Smith remained a high priest in the RLDS Church for the remainder of his life.<ref>Paul M. Edwards, "William B. Smith: The Persistent 'Pretender'", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 18, no. 2 (1985) pp. 128–39 at pp. 132–39.</ref> Today, the Community of Christ sometimes refers to Smith as "Petitioner for RLDS Patriarchate" from April 6, 1872, until his death.<ref name=HSEP>Howard, Richard P. Lesson 2: A Brief Historical Survey of the Ministry of the Evangelist-Patriarch, page 13. Temple School Course PA 222: Evangelists: Sharing a New World of Blessing, Community of Christ.</ref>

Lineal succession

Template:Smith family lineal succession

Politics

Smith served a term in the Illinois General Assembly in 1842 and 1843, being elected to the Illinois House of Representatives as a representative of Hancock County. Smith ran in the election as a Democrat. His chief opponent was Thomas C. Sharp, an anti-Mormon Whig candidate. Smith won the election easily as a result of overwhelming Mormon support from voters in Nauvoo.<ref>James B. Allen and Glen E. Leonard (1976). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Template:ISBN) p. 177.</ref>

Death

When Smith died at Osterdock, Clayton County, Iowa, on November 13, 1893, he was the last brother of Joseph Smith to die. He was survived by his sister Katharine.

Publications

See also

Notes

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