Wonderful Life (book)
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Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History is a 1989 book on the evolution of Cambrian fauna by Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. The volume made The New York Times Best Seller list,<ref>McDowell, Edwin (1989). "Book Notes." The New York Times Nov. 8.</ref> was the 1991 winner of the Royal Society's Rhone-Poulenc Prize and the American Historical Association's Forkosch Award, and was a 1991 finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Pulitzer juror Joyce Carol Oates later revealed the non-fiction jury had unanimously recommended the book for the prize, but the selection was rejected by the Pulitzer board.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> Gould described his later book Full House (1996) as a companion volume to Wonderful Life.<ref>Gould, S. J. (1996). Full House: The Spread of Excellence From Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony Books, p. 4.</ref>
Summary
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Gould's thesis in Wonderful Life was that contingency plays a major role in the evolutionary history of life. He based his argument on the extraordinarily well preserved fossils of the Burgess Shale, a rich fossil-bearing deposit in Canada's Rocky Mountains, dating 505 million years ago.<ref>Ward, Peter and Joe Kirschvink (2015). A New History of Life. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 125.</ref> Gould argues that during this period just after the Cambrian explosion there was a greater disparity of anatomical body plans (phyla) than exist today. However most of these phyla left no modern descendants. All of the Burgess animals, Gould argues, were exquisitely adapted to their environment, and there exists little evidence that the survivors were any better adapted than their extinct contemporaries.<ref>Gould, S. J. (1989) Wonderful Life. New York: Norton, p. 236.</ref>
Gould proposed that given a chance to "rewind the tape of life" and let it play again, we might find ourselves living in a world populated by descendants of Hallucigenia rather than Pikaia (the ancestor of all vertebrates, or at least a close relative thereof). Gould stressed that his argument was not based on randomness but rather contingency, a process by which historical outcomes arise from an unpredictable sequence of antecedent states, where any change in the sequence alters the final result.<ref>Gould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life. p. 283.</ref> Because fitness for existing conditions does not guarantee long-term survivalTemplate:Sndparticularly when conditions change catastrophicallyTemplate:Sndthe survival of many species depends more on luck than conventional features of anatomical superiority.<ref>Gould, S. J. (2004). "The Evolution of Life On Earth." Template:Webarchive Scientific American 290 (March): 97-98, 100.</ref> Gould maintains that, "traits that enhance survival during an extinction do so in ways that are incidental and unrelated to the causes of their evolution in the first place."<ref>Gould, S. J. (1989) Wonderful Life. p. 307.</ref> Gould earlier coined the term exaptation to describe fortuitously beneficial traits, which are adaptive but arise for reasons other than incremental natural selection.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Gould regarded OpabiniaTemplate:Sndan odd creature with five eyes and frontal nozzleTemplate:Sndas so important to understanding the Cambrian explosion that he wanted to call his book Homage to Opabinia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gould wrote:
Reception
Wonderful Life quickly climbed the national bestseller lists within weeks of publication.<ref>Mehren, Elizabeth (1989). "The Cosmic Lottery." Los Angeles Times Nov. 28, pp. E1, E6.</ref> It stimulated wide discussion regarding the nature of progress and contingency in evolution.
Gould's thesis was that if the history of life were replayed over again, human-level intelligence would prove unlikely to ever arise again. The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr argued that Gould, "made such contingencies a major theme in Wonderful Life, and I have come to the conclusion that here he may be largely right."<ref>Mayr, Ernst (2001). What Evolution Is. New York: Basic Books, p. 229.</ref> In his review, the biologist Richard Dawkins wrote that, "The view that he is attackingTemplate:Sndthat evolution marches inexorably towards a pinnacle such as manTemplate:Sndhas not been believed for 50 years."<ref>Dawkins, Richard (1990). "Hallucigenia, Wiwaxia and Friends." Sunday Telegraph Feb. 25; reprinted in A Devil's Chaplain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 203-205. (Template:ISBN).</ref>
Biologist John Maynard Smith wrote, "I agree with Gould that evolution is not in general predictable. ... Although I agree with Gould about contingency, I find the problem of progress harder. ... I do think that progress has happened, although I find it hard to define precisely what I mean."<ref>Maynard Smith, John (1992). "Taking a Chance on Evolution." New York Review Books 39 (May 14): 34-36.</ref> Philosopher Michael Ruse wrote that, "Wonderful Life was the best book written by the late Stephen Jay Gould, paleontologist and popular science writer. It is ... a thrilling story that Gould tells in a way that no one else could equal."<ref>Ruse, Michael (2004). "Are we here by chance?" The Globe and Mail, Jan. 17.</ref>
Some of the anatomical reconstructions cited by Gould were soon challenged as being incorrect, most notably Simon Conway Morris' 1977 reconstruction of Hallucigenia.<ref name=Briggs2005>Template:Cite journal</ref> Conway Morris' reconstruction was, "so peculiar, so hard to imagine as an efficiently working beast" Gould speculated that Hallucigenia might be "a complex appendage of a larger creature, still undiscovered."<ref>Gould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., p. 157.</ref> It was later brought to light by paleontologists Lars Ramskold<ref>Ramskold, L. (1992). "The second leg row of Hallucigenia discovered." Lethaia 25 (2): 221-224</ref> and Hou Xianguang<ref>Ramsköld L. and Hou Xianguang (1991). "New early Cambrian animal and onychophoran affinities of enigmatic metazoans." Nature 351 (May 16): 225-228.</ref> that Conway Morris' reconstruction was inverted upside down, and likely belonged to the modern phylum Onychophora.<ref>Gould, S. J. (1992). "The reversal of Hallucigenia." Natural History 101 (January): 12-20.</ref>
The ultimate theme of the book is still being debated among evolutionary biologists today.<ref name=Briggs2005 />
See also
References
External links
- Wonderful Life - by Stephen Jay Gould
- The Cambrian "Explosion": Slow-fuse or Megatonnage? - by Simon Conway Morris
- The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis - by Stephen Jay Gould