Wyandotte Nation

The Wyandotte Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe headquartered in northeastern Oklahoma. They are descendants of the Wendat Confederacy and Native Americans with territory near Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. Under pressure from Haudenosaunee and other tribes, then from European settlers and the United States government, the tribe gradually moved south and west to Michigan, Ohio, Kansas, and finally Oklahoma in the United States.

Government

The headquarters of the federally recognized Wyandotte Nation is in Wyandotte, Oklahoma,<ref name=ou/> and their tribal jurisdictional area is in Ottawa County, Oklahoma.<ref name="oia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:As of, the current administration is:<ref name=ou>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Chief: Billy Friend
• Second Chief: Norman Hildebrand, Jr.
• Council Person: Vivian Fink
• Council Person: Eric Lofland
• Council Person: Rob Nesvold
• Council Person: Keith Gray

The chief serves a four-year term.

The Wyandotte Nation issues its own tribal vehicle tags and operates its own housing authority. It has a ten-man police department providing 24-hour law enforcement response to the Nation and surrounding area.<ref name=oia/>

Enrollment

In May 2025, 7,254 people are enrolled citizens of the nation.<ref name="wn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Only about 25 percent of the tribe lives within the state of Oklahoma. In 2011, that was 1,218 of 4,957 citizens.<ref name=oia/> Enrollment is based in lineal descent; that is, the tribe has no minimum blood quantum requirement.

Economic development

The Wyandotte Nation operates the Bearskin Health and Wellness Center,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Bearskin Fitness Center,<ref name="Nation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp and the Lost Creek Recycling Center, which is managed by the tribe's Environmental Department and Planning and Natural Resources Department.<ref name="Nation" />Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Turtle Speaks is the tribal newspaper.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The tribe owns River Bend Casino & Hotel and Lucky Turtle Casino in Wyandotte, Oklahoma.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It owns a truck stop, the Turtle Stop fuel stations, and a smoke shop. They issue their own tribal vehicle tags.<ref name=oia/>

It owns the 7th Street Casino in the former Scottish Rite Masonic Temple in Kansas City, Kansas. It has legal control of the nearby Wyandot National Burying Ground.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, the Wyandotte Nation acquired land in Park City, Kansas, with the stated intention of building a gaming casino and hotel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2021, the Wyandotte Nation completed and opened Cross Winds Casino in Park City, Kansas.

Events

The tribe's annual powwow is held in Oklahoma during the first weekend of September and features contest dancing, gourd dancing, and a social stomp dance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

In its own language, the tribe is called Wendat, renamed Wyandotte after merging with other related groups. It consists of Iroquoian-speaking Indians from the Northeastern woodlands. The name is thought to mean "dwellers on a peninsula" or "islanders".<ref name="ohs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first Wendat Confederacy was created around 1400 CE, when the Attignawantan (Bear Nation) and Attigingueenongnahac (Cord People) combined forces. They, in turn, were joined by the Arendaronon (People of the Rocks), Ataronchronon (People of One Lodge), and the Tahontaenrat (Deer Nation). Scholars once believed these peoples to be remnant bands of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, who established villages located near present-day Montreal visited by early French explorers.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Archaeologists have excavated large, 16th-century settlement sites north of Lake Ontario, suggesting that this may have been a site of the coalescence of the Wendat people. They later migrated to the area near Georgian Bay, where they were encountered by French explorers in the early 17th century.

French explorers encountered the Wyandotte around 1536 and dubbed them the Huron. They were fierce enemies of the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, then based in present-day New York. Obliterated by smallpox epidemics, the Wendat Confederacy became seriously weakened during the early decades of the early 17th century. In 1649, the Haudenosaunee defeated the Wendat, and most of the Wendat migrated southwest, where they settled with Odawa and Illinois tribes.<ref name="ohs"/> Others moved east into Quebec.

The surviving Tionontati (Petun), Attignawantan, and Wenrohronon (Wenro) formed a new, unified group, known as the Wyandot or Wyandotte. By the beginning of the 18th century, the Wyandotte people had moved into the Ohio River Valley, extending into areas of what would become West Virginia, Indiana, and Michigan. Around 1745, large groups settled near Upper Sandusky, Ohio. After the American Revolution, a treaty signed with the United States in 1785 confirmed their landholdings. However, the 1795 Treaty of Greenville greatly reduced its size.<ref name="ohs"/>

The 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs reduced the Wyandotte lands drastically, leaving the people only small parcels in Ohio. In 1842, the Wyandotte nation all of its land east of the Mississippi River, under pressure of the United States government policy to remove the Native Americans to the West.<ref name="ohs"/> It made a treaty with the U.S. government by which it was to be compensated for its lands.

The tribe was removed to the Delaware Reservation in present-day Kansas, then considered Indian Territory.<ref name="ohs"/> During this migration and the early months, it suffered much illness. In 1843, survivors buried their dead on a high ridge overlooking the Missouri River in what became the Huron Cemetery in present-day Kansas City, Kansas. In 1971 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was renamed Wyandot National Burying Ground.

After the American Civil War, Wyandotte people who had not become citizens of the United States in 1855 in Kansas were removed a final time in 1867 to present-day Oklahoma. They were settled on Template:Convert in the northeast corner of Indian Territory.<ref name="ohs"/> The Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyandotte Industrial Boarding School, also called the Wyandotte Mission, opened for classes in Wyandotte, Oklahoma in 1872.<ref name="EOHC-Wyandotte">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1893, the Dawes Act required that the tribal communal holdings in the Indian Territory be divided into individual allotments. The land was divided among the 241 tribal citizens listed on the Dawes Rolls. The Wyandotte citizens in Oklahoma retained some tribal structure, and still had control of the communal property of the Huron Cemetery, which by then annexed into Kansas City, Kansas.<ref name="ohs"/>

Reorganization as a nation

In 1937, seizing the opportunity presented by the US Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1934 to regain tribal structure and self-government, citizens of the Wyandotte tribe organized into the Wyandotte Nation.<ref name="ohs"/> They later changed the Nation's name to simply Wyandotte Nation and achieved federal recognition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The act enabled Native Americans to hold property in common again, and to develop self-government and sovereignty.

Termination efforts

On August 1, 1956, the US Congress passed Public Law ch. 843, 70 Stat. 893 to terminate the Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma as part of the federal Indian termination policy. Three years were allotted for completing the termination.<ref name="Public Law 887">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the stipulations required that a parcel of land in Kansas City, Kansas, reserved as the Huron Cemetery, which had been awarded to the Wyandot by treaty on January 31, 1855, was to be sold by the United States. Litigation was filed by a group of Absentee Wyandot against the United States and Kansas City, prohibiting the federal government from fulfilling the terms of the termination statute and ultimately preventing the termination of the Wyandotte Nation.<ref name="Wyandotte/Huron Cemetery">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Bureau of Land Management records confirm that the Federal Register never published the termination of the Wyandotte lands and thus they were never officially terminated.<ref name="gpo.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

When Congress restored the other Oklahoma Tribes, it included the Wyandotte in the repeal. On May 15, 1978, in a single Act titled Public Law 95-281, the termination laws were repealed, and the three tribes were reinstated with all rights and privileges they had prior to termination.<ref name="Public Law 95-281">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Huron Cemetery

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} For decades, the Huron Cemetery (also known as Huron Indian Park Cemetery and the Wyandot National Burying Ground)<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Landmark">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp was a source of controversy between the Wyandotte Nation and individual Wyandot descendants in Kansas. The former wanted to sell the property for redevelopment. Kansas City was also eager for that development, as the city had annexed all of the property in the area. By 1907 it was a prime site, near a new Carnegie Library, the Grund Hotel, and the Masonic Temple, which was undergoing reconstruction after a fire.<ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp

In 1906, a clause in the Indian Appropriation Act of June 21, 1906, authorized the US Secretary of Interior to sell the cemetery, with the bodies to be reinterred at nearby Quindaro Cemetery. The proceeds from the sale, after deducting the costs of reinterment and any legal expenses related to the sale, were to be distributed among the Wyandotte Nation and the citizen-Wyandot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp This proposal was opposed by Lyda Conley (Wyandot) and her two sisters in Kansas City, who launched what became a multiyear campaign to preserve the burying ground. They gained much support.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1916, Senator Charles Curtis (Kaw/Osage/Prairie Potawatomi) of Kansas, who was a Kaw Native American, championed a successful bill to protect the cemetery as a national park and provide some funds for maintenance.<ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp Ironically, this dispute over the cemetery saved the tribe from termination during the 1950s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Over the years, the Wyandotte Nation continued to explore ways to increase revenues for the tribe, including the redevelopment of the Huron Cemetery. Descendants in Kansas vigorously resisted these efforts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1971, the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp In 1998, the Wyandotte Nation and the Wyandot Nation of Kansas, an unrecognized tribe, reached an agreement that prevented the use of the Huron Cemetery for purposes other than its original use as a cemetery.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp This includes religious, cultural, and other activities appropriate to its sacred history and use.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Landmark" />Template:Rp

Wendat Confederacy

In August 1999, the Wyandotte Nation joined the contemporary Wendat Confederacy, together with the Wyandot Nation of Kansas, the Huron-Wendat Nation of Wendake (Quebec), and the Wyandot of Anderdon Nation in Michigan. The tribes pledged to provide mutual aid to each other in a spirit of peace, kinship, and unity.<ref name=":0" />

This followed an important meeting of Huronia reconciliation in Midland, Ontario, Canada, attended by representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy, Wyandotte nations, British, French, Dutch, Anglican Church, and Catholic Jesuit brothers. The weekend of events was organized by the Huronia Reconciliation Committee.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Silas Armstrong (1810–1865), chief of the Wyandotte Nation
• Leaford Bearskin (1921–2012), chief of the Wyandotte Nation (1983–2011)
• Matthew Mudeater (1812–1878), chief of the Wyandotte Nation
• Bertrand N. O. Walker (1870–1927), writer who published under his Wyandotte name, Hen-Toh
• Wyandot people, for early tribal history in Ohio

External links

• Template:Official website
• 7th Street Casino, official website