Xiamen Special Economic Zone
Xiamen Special Economic Zone (Template:Zh), established in October 1980, is one of the five special economic zones in the People's Republic of China. Originally comprising a territory of 2.5 km2 in Xiamen City, it was expanded to 131 km2 in 1984, covering the entire Xiamen Island, which comprises Huli District and Siming District excluding Gulangyu.
Haicang and Xinglin districts were designated "Taiwan Businessmen Investment Zones" on 20 May 1989, and Jimei District was designated in 1992. Foreign investment enjoys the same economic policies as in the special economic zone.
Geography
Xiamen is in southeastern Fujian, China, beside the Taiwan Strait. The Kinmen Islands administered by Taiwan lie roughly 10 km away. Xiamen is next to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Xiamen has a good harbor, with a depth of 12 meters or more.<ref name="data.people.com.cn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The harbor is wide and rarely foggy or frozen and less silted, so cargo ships can enter and leave at essentially any time. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xiamen has been one of the important ports for foreign transportation and trade in China.<ref name="data.people.com.cn"/> The Xiamen Special Economic Zone, which originally covered a boundary of 2.5 km2 in Xiamen City, was expanded to 131 km2 in 1984, encompassing the whole Xiamen Island, including Huli District and Siming District.<ref>姚厚忠 & 戴松若.(2022).厦门经济特区四十年:成就、经验与展望. 厦门特区党校学报(03),32-39. doi:CNKI:SUN:XMDX.0.2022-03-006.</ref>
Demographics
Becoming a special economic zone has greatly influenced Xiamen's demographics and economy. Xiamen Special Economic Zone has a resident population of about 5.1 million, according to the 2020 census.<ref name="厦门市第七次全国人口普查公报-统计公报-统计资料-厦门市统计局">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, it has a large floating population of temporary residents estimated to be around 2.7 million.<ref name="厦门市第七次全国人口普查公报-统计公报-统计资料-厦门市统计局"/> The share of the mobile population employed in the five major industries such as manufacturing, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering, construction and social services is about 90%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city has experienced rapid population growth since it was designated as a SEZ in 1980.
Economic History of Xiamen (Pre-1945)
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Xiamen was a hub of contraband trade and pirate activity. It was fortified, in 1387 to try and ward off pirates which is also when the name "Xiamen" was first used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the Qing dynasty, after the opium wars, trade with Europeans opened as Xiamen was designated as a treaty port and it continued its dynastic characteristic of being a maritime trade hub. British trade expanded from 380,000 silver dollars in 1843 to over 2 million in 1852.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
It was also a migration hub of the time as more than 100,000 Chinese annually returned or left China through this treaty port from 1866 through the republic era World War two, the Sino Japanese war, and the Chinese civil war put an end to Xiamen's economic prosperity during the pre revolution time period.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Economics of Xiamen (Post-1980)
In October 1980, the State Council of the People’s Republic China approved the establishment of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone, designating 2.5 square kilometers of land in the Huli area in the northwest of Xiamen Island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Xiamen was one of five Special Economic Zones designated in 1980.
Continuing from its dynastic period, Xiamen became an important maritime cargo and container port to allow shipping from major world ports into China. The Xiamen Special Economic Zone has expanded to cover the entire Xiamen Island, including Gulangyu Island, with a total area of 131 square kilometers in 1985.<ref name=":34">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1988, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiamen as a planned city, giving it economic management authority equivalent to that of a province. In 1989 and 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of three Taiwan investment zones, namely Haicang, Xinglin and Jimei, with investments in the zones being handled in accordance with the current special economic zone policies.<ref name=":34"/>
Fujian is responsible for 32.1% of all Taiwanese funds in the mainland. Xiamen's gross national product increased by 4.9 times over the 10 years since it opened in 1980 to 5.016 billion RMB. Other statistical increases include a 6.3 times increase in industrial and agricultural output value and per capita income increased from 631 RMB to 3720 RMB over the same 10 year span.<ref name=":34"/>
In November 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiangyu Free Trade Zone in Xiamen. In February 1994, the Central Government determined Xiamen as a sub-provincial city.<ref name=":34"/>
In March 1994, the Second Session of the Eighth National People's Congress granted Xiamen the power to make laws and regulations within the scope of the Special Economic Zone. In June 2010, the State Council approved the expansion of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to the whole city of Xiamen, and the inclusion of four districts outside the island, namely Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiangan, into the SEZ, making the Xiamen SEZ 12 times larger.<ref name=":34"/>
Xiamen has entered a new stage of integrated development within and outside the island. On March 8, 2011, the State Council officially approved the "Economic Zone Development Plan for the West Coast of the Taiwan Strait".<ref name=":34"/> This Plan clearly states that Xiamen should be supported to establish a regional financial service center across the Taiwan Strait, expand pilot financial reforms, and take the lead in experimenting with Taiwan's offshore finance and fund clearing.
Xiamen continues to enjoy benefits from being an early SEZ with it being known as a center for international trade. Xiamen’s GDP growth rate as of 2019 was 7.9% which outpaces almost all other Chinese cities.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Xiamen’s GDP also passed Taiwans in 2020.<ref name=":4" />
Economic Statistics
A decade following its establishment as a Special Economic Zone, Xiamen has witnessed remarkable economic growth. According to the Fujian Provincial Bureau of Statistics, the total gross domestic product (GDP) of Xiamen has increased by approximately sixteenfold, while GDP per capita has quadrupled in comparison to the late 1990s. Furthermore, the registered population in Xiamen has doubled over the same period.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Year | GDP (CNY 100mn) | GDP per capita (CNY) | Population (10000 persons) |
| 1998 | 418.1 | 31727.0 | 126.6 |
| 1999 | 458.3 | 34735.0 | 129.0 |
| 2000 | 501.9 | 38021.0 | 131.3 |
| 2001 | 558.3 | 41110.9 | 134.4 |
| 2002 | 648.4 | 47270.1 | 137.2 |
| 2003 | 759.7 | 35008.9 | 141.8 |
| 2004 | 883.2 | 40147.0 | 146.8 |
| 2005 | 1006.6 | 44737.0 | 153.2 |
| 2006 | 1168.0 | 50130.0 | 160.4 |
| 2007 | 1387.9 | 56188.0 | 167.2 |
| 2008 | 1560.0 | 62651.0 | 173.7 |
| 2009 | 1737.2 | 68938.0 | 177.0 |
| 2010 | 2060.1 | 61022.0 | 180.2 |
| 2011 | 2539.3 | 72098.0 | 185.3 |
| 2012 | 2815.2 | 78820.0 | 190.9 |
| 2013 | 3018.2 | 81572.0 | 196.8 |
| 2014 | 3273.6 | 86832.0 | 203.4 |
| 2015 | 3466.0 | 90379.0 | 211.2 |
| 2016 | 3784.3 | 97282.0 | 219.5 |
| 2017 | 4351.7 | 109753.0 | 230.0 |
| 2018 | 4791.4 | 118015.0 | 241.2 |
| 2019 | 5995.0 | 142739.0 | 259.2 |
| 2020 | 6384.0 | 123962.0 | 272.1 |
| 2021 | 7033.9 | 134491.0 | 281.7 |
Regarding the inflows of actual foreign capital utilization reported by the Xiamen Bureau of Statistics, Siming district had relatively lower figures in the early 20th century than the other two districts. However, the district experienced the most significant increase and became the most actually-utilized foreign capital after 2010.<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Year | Siming District | Jimei District | Haicang District (USD 10 th) |
| 2003 | 4984 | 9427 | 14936 |
| 2004 | 9368 | 7645 | 15047 |
| 2005 | 13529 | 10302 | 17654 |
| 2006 | 17659 | 14105 | 21552 |
| 2007 | 18275 | 37120 | 36564 |
| 2008 | 25912 | 34338 | 52257 |
| 2009 | 32627 | 18423 | 33234 |
| 2010 | 35940 | 23270 | 32738 |
| 2011 | 36061 | 28954 | 32815 |
| 2012 | 34122 | 25672 | 5829 |
| 2013 | 32500 | 30552 | 15724 |
| 2014 | 65113 | 9339 | 25280 |
| 2015 | 49452 | 4882 | 25031 |
| 2016 | 51075 | 5184 | 27062 |
Economic policies of the Xiamen SEZ
Special Economic Zones of China are intended to serve as special zones for accelerated economic development by employment of a subset of preferential policies, tax incentives, and infrastructure foundations. This shift in ideology promoted the transition to more of a market system promoting foreign direct investment and transition to rapid modernization. The preferential policies are set to execute the country wide 5 year development plan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> With the release of the cities most recent 5 year plan, the 14th one, the city has committed to invest more in national innovation platforms and research centers. The SEZ will add half a percent more of the cities GDP to R&D spending. Xiamen will also continue to invest in the core of their industries, including "trade and logistics, financial services, software, information and technology services, and creative cultural tourism". With each Special economic zones and its own set of preferential policies, Xiamen’s most recent incentive plan April 13, 2018 encapsulates:<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Opening Wider to Foreign Investments
- Incentive encouragement to actual paid-in foreign capital amounting to two percent of total for up to 20 million RMB per enterprise.
- Foreign direct investment over 10 million RMB will receive a reward for contributing VAT of 100 percent for the first two years and 50 percent for the three years following.<ref name=":12" />
- Value-add foreign M&A will also receive a reward of two percent over 10 million and capping at 20 million RMB.<ref name=":12" />
Attract and retain Foreign Talents
- For foreign-funded enterprises with investments over 10 million RMB, their employees will receive a tax refund of 50 to 100 percent, depending on their paid income tax bracket.<ref name=":12" />
Optimizing Business Environment
- “Leasing before purchasing” land rights.<ref name=":12" />
- Setting up competent authority such as Xiamen Commission of Administrative Center, Bureau of Market Supervision & Administration, Bureau of Commerce, DRC, Bureau of Legislative Affairs, district governments, FTZ Committee, Administration of Torch Hi-Tech Park to better provide foreign institutions in navigating China’s business landscape.<ref name=":12" />
Leading Industries (2023)
Xiamen Airlines
Xiamen Airlines was founded in 1984 as a joint private public venture.<ref name="民航休闲小站">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It had the goal of modernizing China’s aviation industry during the opening up and reform period. Currently, it has a market capitalization of 5.072 billion RMB and is rated the 4th best airline in China as of 2022 by Skytrax.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has more than 145 airplanes serving 320 domestic and international routes and is now a Star Alliance member.<ref name="民航休闲小站"/>
Electronics and machinery manufacturing
496.7 billion RMB was the total output from these industries which is 70% of the industrial output of Xiamen. It has a growth rate of 9.9% per year which is relatively high. Some large companies operating in this space in Xiamen are Toshiba, Fujitsu, and LG.<ref name="china-briefing.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Maritime
Maritime trade accounts for 22% of the local GDP, which is mainly processed through the Port of Xiamen. This port is the 8th largest in China and is a crucial port for the region, including Taiwan and other key trade partners around the globe. The local government is also looking to increase the recreational maritime economy with cruises, fishing, and sailing, which will in turn increase tourism.<ref name="china-briefing.com"/>