Yang di-Pertuan Negara

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Further Yang di-Pertuan Negara (English: (he) who is Lord of the State) is a title for the head of state in certain Malay-speaking countries, and has been used as an official title at various times in Brunei and Singapore.

Sabah

Template:Main The head of state of Sabah was once known as Yang Di-Pertua Negara and later known as Yang Di-Pertua Negeri.<ref name="Granville-Edge, P. J. 1999">Template:Cite book</ref>

Sarawak

Template:Main The head of state of Sarawak was once known as Yang Di-Pertua Negara and later known as Yang Di-Pertua Negeri.<ref name="Granville-Edge, P. J. 1999"/>

Singapore

Background

Following revisions to the Constitution in 1959, which granted Singapore (then the Colony of Singapore) self-governance from the United Kingdom, the ceremonial office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara replaced the colonial office of Governor as the representative of the British monarch in Singapore.

Under a transitional arrangement, the last Governor of Singapore, Sir William Goode, served as the first Yang di-Pertuan Negara from 3 June to 3 December 1959.<ref>The Istana, K. K. Seet, Peter Mealin, Times Editions, 2000, page 88</ref> He was succeeded by Yusof Ishak, who was sworn into office on the same day as the country's state flag, coat of arms, and national anthem were adopted.

Initially, the office bearer was sometimes referred to as "Head of State".<ref>Goode becomes Head of State, Singapore Free Press, 3 June 1959, page 1</ref><ref>Yusof Head of State, The Straits Times, 2 December 1959, page 1</ref> This was despite him constitutionally only a de facto, not de jure, head of state, acting as a vice-regal representative in lieu of a typical Governor-General.<ref name="google">The head of state in Singapore: An historical perspective in Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency', Kevin Tan, Peng Er Lam, Routledge, 1997, page 9</ref>

The title was retained on 31 August 1963 when Singapore declared independence from the United Kingdom and acceded to Malaysia as a state on 16 September 1963. The officeholder then acted as the vice-regal representative of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.,<ref name="google" /> appointed by him at his own discretion, after the consultation the Prime Minister of Singapore.<ref>Constitution of the State of Singapore, Statutory Instruments, Issues 870-1507, H.M. Stationery Office, 1963, page 2712</ref>

On 9 August 1965, Singapore was separated from the federation to become an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations. On 22 December of that year, the Constitution was amended to make the country a republic, and the title of Yang di-Pertuan Negara was changed to President with retroactive effect from the date of independence.<ref>Republic of Singapore Independence Act (Original Enactment: Act 9 of 1965)</ref>

List of officeholders

№	Portrait	Name Template:Small	Term of Office			Origin	Background or Previous Appointment	Monarch	Ref
			Took office	Left office	Duration
1		Sir William Goode Template:Small	3 June 1959	2 December 1959	Template:Age in years and months	Middlesex, England	Chief Secretary of Singapore, Governor of Singapore	Elizabeth II	<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2		Yusof Ishak Template:Small	3 December 1959	9 August 1965	Template:Age in years and months	Taiping, Perak	Chairman of the Public Service Commission of Singapore	Elizabeth II Template:Small Putra of Perlis Template:Small	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Brunei

In Brunei, the Sultan of Brunei is also known as the Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.

The full title for the head of state and head of government of Brunei is Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan dan Yang Di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Bendahara