Yegor Ligachev

Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev (also transliterated as Ligachyov; Template:Langx; 29 November 1920 – 7 May 2021<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) was a Soviet and Russian politician who was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and who continued an active political career in post-Soviet Russia. Originally an ally of Mikhail Gorbachev, Ligachev became a challenger to his leadership.<ref name="bsk.nios.ru">Лидеры сибирского и новосибирского комсомола</ref>

Early life

Ligachev was born on 29 November 1920 in the village Dubinkino in the Template:Ill of the Tomsk province (in the present-day Chulymsky District of the Novosibirsk Oblast). Between 1938 and 1943 he attended the Ordzhonikidze Institute for Aviation in Moscow and attained a technical engineering degree. Ligachev joined the Communist Party at the age of 24 in 1944, later studying at the Central Committee Higher Party School in Moscow in 1951.

Political career

Ligachev's career began in his native Siberia and took him to some of the highest functions of the Party. He was often regarded as Gorbachev's second man, holding important posts such as the Secretary for Ideology. He initially served under Yuri Andropov and later Gorbachev himself. However, Ligachev lost his posts in 1990, a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, resigning from his political career at the 28th Party Congress. Ligachev was critical of Boris Yeltsin and Gorbachev to an extent, although he is often portrayed as having been Gorbachev's primary critic.

In the USSR

Ligachev (right) meets with German farmers in Neuzelle during a visit to East Germany in 1989.

Ligachev was First Secretary of the Novosibirsk Komsomol, before becoming Deputy Chairman of the Novosibirsk Soviet, and then Secretary of the Novosibirsk Obkom between 1959 and 1961.

Ligachev gained his first major post in 1961, when he began working in the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1965, he became First Secretary of the Party in Tomsk, Siberia. He was reputed to be an effective administrator. In a memoir published in 1984, Nikolai Baibakov, the chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, praised Ligachev for introducing "modern management methods" in Tomsk, and for his "tremendous contribution to all branches of the region's economy."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During his time there he led the cover-up of the Stalin-era mass grave at Kolpashevo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was to hold this position until 1983, when he was discovered by Yuri Andropov and made head of the Party Organization Department and a Secretary of the Central Committee.

In 1966, Ligachev was elected a candidate member of the Central Committee, and ten years later in 1976 he was promoted to a full member. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, Ligachev was promoted to become a Secretary of higher status, and was generally viewed as one of Gorbachev's primary allies: he had helped organize a pro-Gorbachev faction in hope of having Gorbachev succeed Andropov in 1984, although this attempt failed (instead, Konstantin Chernenko was chosen as a stop-gap candidate). Ligachev was made head of the Secretariat.

Ligachev supported reform of the Soviet Union and initially supported Gorbachev; however, as Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost began to resemble what were seen as social democratic policies, he distanced himself from Gorbachev, and by 1988 he was recognized as the leader of the more conservative, anti-Gorbachev faction of Soviet politicians.<ref name=SovietConservative>Template:Cite book</ref> During this period, Ligachev began to utter the phrase "Boris, you are wrong" when referring to Yeltsin in a political discourse. Ligachev served in the Politburo between 1985 and 1990. Ligachev, having made some speeches criticizing Gorbachev, was demoted from his more prestigious position as Secretary for Ideology to Secretary for Agriculture on 30 September 1988.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

At the 28th Congress of the CPSU in 1990, he criticized Gorbachev for circumventing the Party via the Soviet Presidency, and he argued Glasnost had gone too far. During the Party Congress, Ligachev challenged Gorbachev for the office of General Secretary, standing as the "Leninist" candidate. Having been defeated, Ligachev left the Politburo for temporary retirement.

Russian Federation

After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, Ligachev became a communist politician in the Russian Federation. Ligachev was elected three times to the Russian State Duma as a member for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Ligachev was a member of its Central Committee from 1993 on.<ref>Example: CPRF Novosibirsk Website Article Template:In lang</ref> However, he lost his seat in the Duma in 2003, when he polled 23.5 percent of the vote against United Russia candidate Vladimir Zhidkikh's 53 percent.<ref>Psephos: Russia 2003</ref>

Ligachev's memoirs, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, were published in 1996. Serge Schmemann of The New York Times wrote that the author was driven "to seek explanations for what went wrong, to understand his own role" and while the reviewer wished for more intrigue (in the form of detailed accounts of events other than the dissolution of the USSR), he believed the book was an interesting and detailed account of that period from the perspective of an "honest Bolshevik".<ref>"From Comrade to Critic in Five Years": New York Times, 21 February 1993. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref><ref>etext.org Template:Webarchive Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref>

Significance

Ligachev became one of Gorbachev's primary critics, and was accused of leading a conservative faction.<ref name="United">"Ligachev Says Kremlin Is United on Changes": New York Times, 5 June 1988. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</ref><ref name="Real legacy">"The real Yeltsin legacy": The Guardian, 26 April 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</ref> Although publicly endorsing perestroika, Ligachev was opposed to Gorbachev's attempts to expand Soviet authority and limit the responsibilities of party officials. Ligachev did not support the decision to end the CPSU's monopoly of political power in 1990, nor did he support Gorbachev's response to the gradual withdrawal of Soviet authority in Eastern Europe. He saw the quick reunification of Germany as being an "impending danger".<ref name="Evolution in Europe">"Evolution in Europe; Excerpts From Speeches at the Communist Party Congress": New York Times, 4 July 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref>

However, in 1988, Ligachev denied that he was leading a conservative faction, saying that the Party leadership were united behind Gorbachev.<ref name="United" /> He also rejected suggestions after the fall of the Soviet Union that he had been opposed to Gorbachev in his memoirs and in speeches.<ref name="11 March">"11 March 1985": Time, 31 March 2003. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref> Ligachev clearly demonstrated conservative ideas in his opposition of Yeltsin's political ideas, on the other hand, opposing the principles of glasnost.<ref>"Excerpts From Remarks by Yeltsin and Ligachev": New York Times, 2 July 1988. Retrieved 20 November 2007.</ref> He later repudiated his opposition to Gorbachev's policies, saying it was "only too late [he] discerned a social democrat in Gorbachev".<ref name="11 March" /> However, Ligachev repeatedly denied he was opposed to Gorbachev in sources including his memoirs.<ref name="United" /><ref name="11 March" /><ref>See also his memoirs (Sources).</ref>

Ligachev's economically hard-line views were upheld in speeches he made to the CPSU's Congress in 1990. The following deplored privatization of the economy:

However, in this speech he also rejected the idea he was a conservative, saying he was a realist.<ref name="Evolution in Europe" /> Ligachev also stated earlier that "the slackening of state discipline" was "among the reasons for the troubled state of the economy".<ref>"Excerpts From Speech By Ligachev to Party": New York Times, 7 February 1990. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref> Furthermore, together with KGB chief Viktor Chebrikov, Ligachev took several opportunities before he was demoted to Secretary for Agriculture in 1988 to warn against rapid reform.<ref name="rulers.org">rulers.org: Retrieved 22 November 2007.</ref>

Although not mentioned in his memoirs to any notable extent, Ligachev played a significant role in dismissing Yeltsin, arguing with him for long periods of time in 1987. Ligachev opposed Yeltsin's idea that Party officials enjoyed greater privilege.<ref name="rulers.org" />

Ligachev was considered "Second Secretary" of the Central Committee (and thus the Soviet Union) for most of his time in the Politburo.<ref name="Real legacy" />

Death

On April 5, 2021, he was hospitalized at the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital. A few days before his death, he was admitted to intensive care, where he was connected to a ventilator. He was diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia and multiple autonomic disorders according to the doctors; they assessed Ligachev’s condition as extremely serious because of his old age.

Ligachev died during his sleep from pneumonia at the age of 100. He was buried at the Troekurovskoye cemetery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards and honorary titles

	Order of Lenin, twice (1970 & 1980)
	Order of the October Revolution (1976)
	Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice (1948 & 1967)
	Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (23 April 1985)
	Order of the Badge of Honour (1957)
	Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
	Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
	Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands" (1957)
	Jubilee Medal "75 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2019)
Error creating thumbnail:	Jubilee Medal "70 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2013)
File:RUS Medal 65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 ribbon.svg	Jubilee Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2009)
File:RUS Medal 60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 ribbon.svg	Jubilee Medal "60 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (2004)
File:RUS Medal 50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 ribbon.svg	Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1993)
File:SU Medal Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 ribbon.svg	Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1985)
File:SU Medal Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 ribbon.svg	Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1975)
File:Юбилейная медаль «70 лет Томской области» (лента).png	Anniversary medal "70 years of the Tomsk region"

Honorary titles

• Honorary title "Honorary Citizen of the Tomsk Region" (20 November 2000)Template:Citation needed
• Medal "For outstanding contribution to the development of Siberia" (2003)Template:Citation needed
• Order "Tomsk Glory" (20 May 2014)Template:Citation needed
• Honorary citizen of the city of Tomsk (27 November 2015)Template:Citation needed

Bibliography

• Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin: The Memoirs of Yegor Ligachev. Pantheon Books: 1993 (Template:ISBN)
• Ligachev on Glasnost and Perestroika. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 706: 1989.