Yuri II of Vladimir

Yuri II (Template:Langx, also transcribed as Iuri<ref name="Alef">Template:Cite thesis</ref>), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (26 November 1188Template:Spaced ndash4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.

He was the third son of Vsevolod III and of Maria Shvarnovna.<ref name="patriarchia_alan">Template:Cite web</ref> He was the founder of Nizhny Novgorod and is venerated as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Early life

Yuri was born in Suzdal on 26 November 1188.<ref name="Berezkhov">Berezkhov N. G. Хронология русского летописания (Chronology of Russian Annalistic Writing). Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1963.</ref> On 28 July 1192, he underwent the knightly tonsure ceremony in Suzdal, a rite of passage that marked him as a warrior, and was placed on a horse for the first time.<ref>Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. Laurentian Chronicle. Moscow: "Yazyki russkoi kultury", 1997. Column 409.</ref>

He first distinguished himself in battles against the Principality of Ryazan in 1207. In the winter of 1208–1209, he campaigned against Torzhok alongside his brother Konstantin, and in early 1209, he fought against Ryazan forces that had attacked the outskirts of Moscow.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1211, Yuri married Agafia, daughter of Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny, Prince of Chernigov. The wedding took place in Vladimir's Cathedral of the Dormition.

In 1211, his father, Vsevolod the Big Nest, chose Yuri to inherit the grand princely throne of Vladimir, bypassing the traditional rights of the eldest son, Konstantin. Vsevolod convened a council of boyars and clergy to legitimise his decision.<ref name="Alef" />

After Vsevolod's death in 1212, the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216) broke out between the brothers. Konstantin allied himself with Mstislav the Bold of Novgorod, while Yuri was supported by his brother Yaroslav. In a decisive battle on the Lipitsa River in April 1216, Konstantin and his allies defeated the forces of Yuri and Yaroslav. Having lost Vladimir, Yuri was sent to rule the provincial town of Gorodets Radilov on the Volga. However, two years later, Konstantin died, and Yuri was allowed to return to Vladimir as Grand Prince, having been designated by Konstantin as his successor.<ref name="Alef" />

Reign

Foreign policy

Yuri II conducted an active foreign policy, largely seeking to expand Vladimir's influence while avoiding major military conflicts where possible. Between 1220 and 1234, his forces, often in alliance with Novgorod, Ryazan, and even Lithuanian troops, undertook 14 campaigns, only three of which resulted in major battles, all victorious.<ref name="Gorsky" />Template:Cn

A primary concern was the Volga Bulgars. In 1220, Yuri sent a large army under his brother Svyatoslav, which sacked the Bulgar city of Oshel on the Volga. The same year, forces from Rostov and Ustyug raided Bulgar lands along the Kama River. The Bulgars sued for peace, but Yuri refused. In 1221, Yuri planned a new campaign and marched to Gorodets. After rejecting a second peace offer, he finally accepted a treaty after a third Bulgar embassy arrived with rich gifts.<ref name="Gorsky" /> To secure the confluence of the Volga and Oka, a strategic point for controlling trade and defence against Bulgar raids, Yuri founded the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod in 1221. He established a church there dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which later became the Archangel Cathedral.<ref name="Gorsky">А. Н. Рябов, А. С. Преображенский. Георгий (Юрий) Всеволодович // Template:Ill. — Москва, 2006. — Т. XI : Георгий — Гомар. — С. 88—97. — Template:Nowrap — Template:ISBN.</ref>

The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod led to conflicts with the neighbouring Mordvins. Vladimir's forces launched campaigns against them in 1226, 1228, 1229, and 1232, suppressing opposition to Vladimir's expansion.

Yuri also intervened in the affairs of other Rus' principalities and the Baltics. When the Mongols first approached in 1223, he sent a detachment under his nephew Vasilko to aid the southern princes, but it arrived in Chernigov too late to participate in the disastrous Battle of the Kalka River.<ref name="Gorsky" /> In 1222 and 1223, he sent troops to assist the Estonians in their uprising against the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A subsequent conflict with Novgorod in 1224, however, cost the Rus' their last stronghold in the Baltics, Yuryev (Tartu), which was captured by the Germans.

Mongol invasion and death

In the winter of 1237, the Mongol army led by Batu Khan invaded the Principality of Ryazan. The princes of Ryazan appealed to Yuri for aid, but he was hesitant to commit his forces. According to some chronicles, he treated the Mongol envoys who arrived in Vladimir with disdain. He sent his son Vsevolod with a force to assist Ryazan, but it was too late. After Ryazan was destroyed on 16 December, Batu's army advanced towards Kolomna. Yuri's army, led by his son Vsevolod and the voivode Yeremey Glebovich, was soundly defeated at the Battle of Kolomna. Vsevolod fled to Vladimir, while Glebovich was killed.<ref name="Gorsky" />

After burning Moscow, the Mongols laid siege to Vladimir on 2 or 3 February 1238. Yuri, having received news of the defeat, had left the capital to gather a larger army on the Sit River, leaving his sons Mstislav and Vsevolod in command. The city fell after a brief siege on 7 February. Yuri's wife Agatha, his sons, daughter Theodora, daughters-in-law, and grandchildren, along with Bishop Mitrofan, died when the Dormition Cathedral, where they had sought refuge, was set on fire and collapsed.<ref name="Gorsky" /> Some Russian historians, such as Vadim Kargalov and Gelian Prokhorov, have suggested this account may have been altered to conceal the fact that some members of the princely family were taken captive.<ref>Prokhorov G. M. Повесть о Батыевом нашествии в Лаврентьевской летописи [The Tale of Batu's Invasion in the Laurentian Chronicle] // Trudy otdela drevnerusskoi literatury. — L., 1974. — Vol. 28. — pp. 77–98.</ref>

Yuri himself was killed on 4 March 1238, in the Battle of the Sit River, when the Mongol commander Burundai surprised and defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal. Bishop Kirill of Rostov later found Yuri's decapitated body on the battlefield and brought it to Rostov for burial. His head was later found and reunited with his body. In 1239, his brother and successor, Yaroslav II, solemnly transferred his remains to the Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir.<ref name="Gorsky" />

Legacy and assessment

Chroniclers described Yuri as a pious and valiant ruler, who "was adorned with good morals, strove to fulfill God's commandments... [and] was merciful beyond measure."<ref name="Gorsky" /> He founded the Annunciation Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod and oversaw the rebuilding and decoration of cathedrals in Suzdal.

Traditional historiography often portrayed Yuri as being responsible for the catastrophic Mongol conquest due to his failure to unite the Rus' princes. However, this view has been challenged. Historian Vadim Kargalov argued that the tragedy of the era was not the fault of any single prince but a result of the deep-seated political fragmentation of Kievan Rus', which made a unified defence impossible.<ref>Kargalov, Vadim Viktorovich. Древняя Русь в советской художественной литературе [Ancient Rus' in Soviet Fiction].</ref> Other historians note that even a united Rus' might have struggled against the Mongol military machine, which conquered numerous powerful states in the 13th century.<ref>Golovatenko A. Yu. История России: спорные проблемы [History of Russia: Disputed Problems]. — M: Shkola-Press, 1994. ISBN 5-88527-028-7.</ref>

Yuri was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1645 as a Right-believing Prince. His relics were found to be incorrupt, and he is venerated on 4 February (O.S.) / 17 February (N.S.).<ref name="Gorsky" />

Family

Yuri married Agafia of Chernigov in 1211. She was a daughter of Vsevolod IV of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev. They had five children:

• Vsevolod (1212/13–1238), Prince of Novgorod. Married Marina (1215–1238), daughter of Vladimir III Rurikovich of Kiev. He was killed by the Mongols before the siege of Vladimir.
• Mstislav (after 1213–1238). Married Maria (1220–1238). Died during the siege of Vladimir.
• Vladimir (after 1218–1238), Prince of Moscow. Married Christina (1219–1238). Captured during the Mongol siege of Moscow and executed before the walls of Vladimir.
• Dobrava Yurievna (1215–1265). In 1226, she married Vasylko Romanovych, Prince of Volhynia. She was the only one of Yuri's children to survive the Mongol invasion.
• Theodora (1229–1238). Died during the siege of Vladimir.

See also

• Kitezh

Further reading

• Template:In lang Memorsky Alexander. (1889) The founder of Nizhny Novgorod, Grand Duke Georgy (Yury) II Vsevolodovich (Основатель Нижнего Новгорода Великий князь Георгий (Юрий) II Всеволодович) at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats
• Karpov, Aleksey Yuryevich. (2021) Великий князь Юрий Всеволодович [Grand Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich]. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya. (Series: The Lives of Remarkable People).