Zamoyski Academy
The Zamojski Academy (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; 1594–1784) was an academy founded in 1594 by Polish Crown Chancellor Jan Zamojski.<ref name="ep">"Akademia Zamojska" ("Zamojski Academy"), Encyklopedia Polski, p. 13.</ref> It was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref name=lzn>Template:In lang Lubelskie życie naukowe, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubelskiego w Lublinie</ref> After his death it slowly lost its importance, and in 1784 it was downgraded to a lyceum. The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu is one of several secondary schools in Zamość.
History
The Zamoyski Academy was designed to educate szlachta (noble) youth in Humanist culture and prepare them for work in the public interest—though, from its early years, most of the students were burghers, not nobles.<ref name=mk>Małgorzata Kowalewska, ACADEMY OF ZAMOŚĆ (mirrorTemplate:Dead link), Powszechna Encyklopedia Filozofii, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu</ref><ref name=wyb>Template:In lang "Założenie Akademii Zamojskiej - 5 IV 1594" ("The Founding of the Zamoyski Academy, 5 April 1594"), Gazeta Wyborcza, Lublin, 2007-12-15.</ref> It was founded in 1594 by Crown Chancellor Jan Zamoyski in Zamość (a city, also founded by Zamoyski) with the assistance of poet Szymon Szymonowic, aka Simon Simonides (who would be one of the Academy's lecturers).<ref name="ep"/><ref name=brzez>Template:In lang Renata Brzezińska, Polska pełna uroku, Petit Futé, 2007, Template:ISBN, Google Print, p.599</ref> Its founding was approved in Rome by Pope Clement VIII (bull of October 29, 1594),<ref name=mk/><ref name=wyb/> and in Poland by the Bishop of Chełm, Stanisław Gomoliński.<ref>Kazimierz Lepszy, "Stanisław Gomoliński," Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. VIII (1959–60), p. 273.</ref> The official opening ceremony took place on 15 March 1595.<ref name=wyb/> On July 5, 1600, Zamoyski would write, in the Academy's foundation act: "such are countries, as is the education of their youth" ("takie są rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie").<ref name=lzn/><ref name=mk/><ref name=brzez/> In 1601 the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa, confirmed the act.<ref name=mk/>
The Academy was modeled on the Academy of Strassburg.<ref name=mk/> Initially the Academy comprised three departments: liberal arts, law, and medicine, and had seven faculty positions for professors.<ref name=mk/> From 1637 the school had the power to award doctor of philosophy diplomas.<ref name=mk/> In 1648, a department of theology was added.<ref name="ep"/> The Academy was the third institution of higher education to be founded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (and the first private one), after the Kraków Academy (1364) and Vilnius University (1578)<ref name=lzn/> Zamoyski's immense wealth allowed him to be the first magnate in the Commonwealth to personally sponsor such an institution<ref name=lzn/> (Poznań's Lubrański Academy (1519) was a high school with a high level of education, hence it was called customary "academy").
The Academy was an institution midway between a secondary school and an institution of higher learning. It bestowed doctorates of philosophy and law. It was known for the high quality of education that it provided, which however did not extend beyond the ideals of "nobles' liberty."<ref name="Akademia Zamojska p. 36">"Akademia Zamojska," Encyklopedia powszechna PWN, vol. 1, p. 36.</ref>
The faculty included a number of outstanding Poles such as Szymon Szymonowic, Adam Burski (Bursius), Tomasz Drezner, Jan Niedźwiecki-Ursinus, Szymon (Simon) Birkowsk and Stanisław Staszic, as well as foreigners such as the English lawyer William Bruce, the Italian theologian Dominic Convalis and the Belgian mathematician Adriaan van Roomen.<ref name="ep"/><ref name=mk/> The Academy's chancellor was the incumbent Bishop of Chełm.<ref name=lzn/>
The students were recruited mainly from the southeastern lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and from adjacent countries.<ref name="ep"/>
Following an initial period of successful development, which at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries made the Academy one of the leading educational institutions in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from the mid-17th century the Academy went into decline.<ref name="ep"/><ref name=lzn/><ref name=wyb/><ref name=brzez/> The number of students rose from 70 in 1595 to 1635 to around 120 in the years 1635 to 1646.<ref name=mk/>
Its lost its lay character ten years after Zamoyski's death, when in 1615 it was taken over by the bishop of Chełm; the struggle over the control of the school between the bishops and lay officials of the Zamoyski family would continue for many years.<ref name=mk/> It became increasingly difficult for the school to attract renown faculty.<ref name=mk/> The academy was damaged in a fire of 1627, and from the Swedish invasion and wars of late 1640s/early 1650s.<ref name=mk/> Several attempts at reform were undertaken in the following decades, none met with much success.<ref name=mk/> Gradual improvement was interrupted in 1784, after the academy was shut down by the Austrian government (which had taken over that part of Poland in the late-18th-century partitions of Poland); it was closed and converted into a secondary school (Liceum Królewskie—Royal Lyceum).<ref name=mk/><ref name=brzez/><ref name="Akademia Zamojska p. 36"/> In 1811–66 the Lyceum's old Academy buildings were used as barracks for troops of the Zamość Fortress.
The present-day I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu (Heman Jan Zamoyski General Lyceum in Zamość) traces its history to the Academy and is housed in the original building complex. It is one of several secondary schools in the city.<ref>Template:In lang Akademia Zamojska, I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Hetmana Jana Zamoyskiego w Zamościu</ref>
See also
Notes
References
- Encyklopedia Polski (Encyclopedia of Poland).
- Encyklopedia powszechna PWN (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 1, Warsaw, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1973.
Further reading
- Poddębski, Henryk, Akademia Zamojska, 1930, Digital Library at Warsaw University
- Jan Ambroży Wadowski, Anacephaleosis professorum Academiae Zamoscensis: manuscriptum saeculi XVII edidit ... Joannes Ambrosius Wadowski. Wiadomość o profesorach Akademii Zamojskiej; rękopis z w XVII, Druk. Gazety Rolniczej, Google Print (public domain)
- Bogdan Szyszka, Akademia Zamojska, 1594-1994, 1988, Regionalna Pracownia Krajoznawcza (Zamość)
External links
- Template:In lang Akademia Zamojska Template:Webarchive, Encyklopedia WIEM
- Template:In lang Akademia Zamojska Template:Webarchive, Encyklopedia PWN
- Scholars and Literati at the University of Zamość (1594–1784) in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE.