Zgierz

Template:Short description Template:See also Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox settlement Zgierz Template:IPAc-pl is a city in central Poland,Template:TERYT located just to the north of Łódź, and part of the metropolitan area centered on that city. As of 2021, it had a population of 54,974.<ref name="population" /> Located within the historic Łęczyca Land, it is the capital of Zgierz County in the Łódź Voivodeship.

History

Zgierz is one of the oldest cities in central Poland. The oldest known mention of Zgierz comes from 1231, when two dukes of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland, Władysław Odonic of Greater Poland and Konrad I of Masovia, held a meeting there.<ref name=kh>Template:Cite web</ref> Zgierz acquired its town rights some time before 1288, and those rights were renewed by Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło in 1420.<ref name=kh/> In 1494, King John I Albert exempted the town from taxes for 10 years, and in 1504, King Alexander Jagiellon established three annual fairs.<ref name=kh/> Zgierz was a royal city of Poland, administratively located in the Łęczyca County in the Łęczyca Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, on 3 and 5 September 1939, Zgierz was raided by Germany, and captured on September 6.<ref name=kh/> Already in September 1939, the Germans committed first atrocities against Poles and carried out executions of Polish civilian defenders.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Inhabitants of Zgierz were also among Poles murdered in nearby Łagiewniki on September 12 and in Retki on September 16.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 94, 96</ref> As part the Intelligenzaktion, Germans carried out large massacres of Poles from the region in the nearby forests of Łagiewniki and Lućmierz, killing hundreds and thousands of people respectively.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 204-205</ref> Germans also carried out expulsions of Poles and deported over 8,000 people to forced labour to Germany.<ref name=kh/> Some were also killed in Nazi concentration camps, including the interwar director of the local State School of Economics, Jakub Stefan Cezak, and local Protestant parish priest, Aleksander Falzman.<ref name=kh/> Schools were closed, factories were looted, Polish monuments were destroyed.<ref name=kh/> Despite this, the Polish underground resistance movement was active in Zgierz.<ref name=kh/>

File:Pomnik 071.jpg

Commemoration of the 72nd anniversary of the German massacre of 100 Poles in Zgierz

Before the war, Zgierz had a thriving Jewish community of around 4,000, which formed 16,6% of the town's populace as of 1931.<ref name=kh/> When the Germans occupied the town, they began persecuting the Jews, with the assistance of local ethnic Germans. The synagogue was burned and Jews were kidnapped from the streets for forced labor. Many tried to flee the town, though some of these returned. In December, 1939, the Germans deported 2500 of the Jews to Głowno in the General Gouvernment, German-occupied central Poland. Left behind were fewer than 100 Jews, mostly craftsmen thought to be useful to the Germans. In 1942, these Jews were deported to the Łódź Ghetto. This history is unusual in that no mass killings in Zgierz were reported. Of course, the Jews deported to Łódz and Głowno were caught up in the fate of those communities, and most were later deported to the Treblinka extermination camp. As many as 350 Jewish residents of Zgierz survived the war, but did not return to the town.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 20 March 1942, the Germans carried out a public execution of 100 Poles in the town, who were then buried in Lućmierz-Las.<ref name=pss>Template:Cite web</ref> A memorial was erected at the site of the massacre after the war.<ref name=pss/> Around 50 Poles from Zgierz took part in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.<ref name=kh/> In total over 7,600 inhabitants of Zgierz died under German occupation, which ended in January 1945.<ref name=kh/>

Town limits were expanded in 1954, 1959, and 1988.<ref name=kh/>