View source for Aragonese language

{{Short description|Romance language of northern Aragon, Spain}}
{{Redirect|Aragonés|people with the surname ''Aragonés''|Aragonés (surname)}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Aragonese
| nativename       = {{lang|an|aragonés}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|an|aɾaɣoˈnes|}}
| ethnicity        = [[Aragonese people|Aragonese]]
| states           = [[Spain]]
| region           = [[Aragon]]; northern and central [[province of Huesca|Huesca]] and northern [[Zaragoza (province)|Zaragoza]]
| speakers         = Active speakers: 10,000–12,000
| date             = 2017
| ref              = <ref name="hablantes" />
| speakers2        = Active and passive speakers: 30,000–50,000 (2017)<ref name="hablantes"/>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Latin]]ic
| fam5             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam8             = (disputed)
| fam9             = [[Navarro-Aragonese|Pyrenean]]–[[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]]?
| fam10            = [[Navarro-Aragonese]]
| dia1             = [[Judaeo-Aragonese]]? {{Extinct}}
| dia2             = [[Navalese dialect|Navalese]]
| dia3             = [[Aisinian Aragonese|Aisinian]]
| dia4             = [[Ansó Aragonese|Ansó]]
| dia5             = [[Aragüés Aragonese|Aragüés]]
| dia6             = [[Benasquese dialect|Benasquese]]
| dia7             = [[Hecho Aragonese|Hecho]]
| dia8             = [[Ribagorçan dialect|Ribagorçan]]
| dia9             = Central
| minority         = [[Spain]]
*[[Aragon]] (Protected language status)
| ancestor         = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor4        = (disputed)
| ancestor5        = [[Navarro-Aragonese]]
| ancestor6        = Medieval High Aragonese
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] (Aragonese alphabet)
| agency           = [[Academia Aragonesa d'a Luenga]]
| iso1             = an
| iso2             = arg
| iso3             = arg
| glotto           = arag1245
| glottorefname    = Aragonese
| lingua           = 51-AAA-d
| map              = Bariedaz lingüisticas d'Aragón.png
| mapcaption       = Map of Aragon with the [[Aragonese dialects|dialects]] of northern Aragon in grey, blue, and light orange
| notice           = IPA
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|Aragonese is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' (2010).}}
}}
[[File:Ibero orientales aragonés.PNG|thumb|right|Map of the [[Occitano-Romance languages|Occitano-Romance]] languages: [[Catalan language|Catalan]] in red, [[Occitan language|Occitan]] in purple and Aragonese in yellow]]
'''Aragonese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|ə|ɡ|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z}} {{respell|ARR|ə|gə|NEEZ}}; {{Lang|an|aragonés}} {{IPA|an|aɾaɣoˈnes|}} in Aragonese) is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]] spoken in several [[dialect]]s by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the [[Pyrenees]] valleys of [[Aragon]], Spain, primarily in the [[Comarca#Spain|comarcas]] of [[Somontano de Barbastro]], [[Jacetania]], [[Alto Gállego]], [[Sobrarbe]], and [[Ribagorza/Ribagorça]].<ref name="hablantes">{{Cite news |last=Perez |first=R. |date=2017-02-21 |title=El aragonés: la lengua romance que ya solo hablan el 1% de los aragoneses |language=es |trans-title=Aragonese: the Romance language that already only 1% of Aragonese speak |work=ABC |url=https://www.abc.es/espana/aragon/abci-aragones-lengua-romance-solo-hablan-1-por-ciento-aragoneses-201702210744_noticia.html |access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Reyes et al. 2017">{{Cite book |last1=Reyes |first1=Anchel |url=https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 |title=L'aragonés y lo catalán en l'actualidat. Analisi d'o Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2011 |last2=Gimeno |first2=Chabier |last3=Montañés |first3=Miguel |last4=Sorolla |first4=Natxo |last5=Esgluga |first5=Pep |last6=Martínez |first6=Juan Pablo |date=2017 |publisher=<!--please include publisher--> |isbn=978-84-16723-25-6 |location=Zaragoza |language=an |via=zaguan.unizar.es}}</ref> It is the only modern language which survived from medieval [[Navarro-Aragonese]] in a form distinct from [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

Historically, people referred to the language as {{Lang|an|fabla}} ('talk' or 'speech'). Native Aragonese people usually refer to it by the names of its [[#Dialects|local dialects]] such as {{Lang|an|cheso}} (from [[Valle de Hecho]]) or {{Lang|an|patués}} (from the [[Benasque]] Valley).

==History==
[[File:Evolución cheografica de l'aragonés.svg|thumb|left|The gradual retreat of Aragonese under the pressure of Castilian (Spanish)]]

Aragonese, which developed in portions of the [[Ebro]] basin, can be traced back to the [[High Middle Ages]]. It spread throughout the [[Pyrenees]] to areas where languages similar to modern [[Basque language|Basque]] might have been previously spoken. The [[Kingdom of Aragon]] (formed by the counties of [[County of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Sobrarbe]] and [[County of Ribagorza|Ribagorza]]) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the [[Moors]] farther south in the ''[[Reconquista]]'' and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the [[Catalonia|Catalan counties]] and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century [[Crown of Aragon]] did not merge the languages of the two territories; [[Catalan language|Catalan]] continued to be spoken in the east and [[Navarro-Aragonese]] in the west, with the boundaries blurred by [[Dialect continuum|dialectal continuity]]. The Aragonese ''Reconquista'' in the south ended with the cession of [[Murcia]] by [[James I of Aragon]] to the [[Kingdom of Castile]] as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known proponent of the Aragonese language was [[Juan Fernández de Heredia|Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia]], the [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller]] in [[Rhodes]] at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Castilian ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), the [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] origin of the [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara dynasty]], and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]], also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|allies]] of Aragon in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in schools and the establishment of Castilian ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese [[Nueva Planta decrees]] of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However, the 1978 [[Spanish transition to democracy]] heralded literary works and studies of the language.

===Modern Aragonese===
[[File:Grupos de parlas de l'aragonés.svg|270px|alt=Multicolored map of Aragon|thumb|Aragonese dialect map]]
Aragonese is the native language of the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the ''[[comarca]]s'' of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are [[Huesca]], [[Graus]], [[Monzón]], [[Barbastro]], [[Bielsa]], [[Gistaín|Chistén]], [[Fonz, Huesca|Fonz]], [[Echo, Aragón, Spain|Echo]], [[Estadilla]], [[Benasque]], [[Campo, Aragon|Campo]], [[Sabiñánigo]], [[Jaca]], [[Plan, Aragon|Plan]], [[Ansó]], [[Ayerbe]], [[Broto]], and [[El Grado]].

It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of [[Zaragoza]], [[Huesca]], [[Ejea de los Caballeros]], or [[Teruel]]. According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011)<ref name="Reyes et al. 2017" /> including speakers living outside the native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese.<ref name="hablantes" />

In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized the "native language, original and historic" of [[Aragon]]. The language received several [[linguistic rights]], including its use in public administration.<ref>[http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VERDOC&BASE=BOLE&PIECE=BOLE&DOCR=3&SEC=FIRMA&RNG=200&SEPARADOR=&&PUBL=20091230 Languages Act of Aragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721120237/http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VERDOC&BASE=BOLE&PIECE=BOLE&DOCR=3&SEC=FIRMA&RNG=200&SEPARADOR=&&PUBL=20091230 |date=2019-07-21 }} Official Bulletin of Aragon</ref><ref>Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón. [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711 BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010, páginas 9875 a 9887]</ref> Some of the legislation was repealed by a new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013).<ref>Ley 3/2013, de 9 de mayo, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón. [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6103 BOE núm. 138, de 10 de junio de 2013, páginas 43654 a 43662]</ref> [See [[Languages Acts of Aragon]] for more information on the subject]

=={{anchor|Geographic distribution}}Dialects==
{{Main|Aragonese dialects}}

*''Western dialect:'' [[Ansó]], [[Valle de Hecho]], Chasa, Berdún, [[Jaca|Chaca]]
*''Central dialect:'' [[Panticosa]], [[Biescas]], [[Torla]], [[Broto]], [[Bielsa]], [[Yebra de Basa]], [[Aínsa-Sobrarbe]]
*''Eastern dialect:'' [[Benasque|Benás]], [[Plan, Aragon|Plan]], Bisagorri, [[Campo, Aragon|Campo]], [[Perarrúa]], [[Graus]], [[Estadilla]]
*''Southern dialect:'' [[Agüero, Huesca|Agüero]], [[Ayerbe]], Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, [[Huesca|Uesca]], [[Almudévar]], Nozito, Labata, [[Alquézar|Alguezra]], [[Angüés]], [[Pertusa (Spain)|Pertusa]], Balbastro, Nabal<ref name="e18">{{e18|arg|Aragonese}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Phonological characteristics}}Phonology ==
===Traits===
[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|alt=Animated territorial map of Spain|Aragonese expanded into the territories of the Kingdom of Aragon from the 12th to the 16th centuries.]]
Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the [[Asturleonese language]]s and [[Galician–Portuguese]], where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.

====Shared with Catalan====
*Romance initial ''f-'' is preserved, e.g. {{Lang|la|filium}} > {{lang|an|fillo}} ('son', Sp. {{lang|es|hijo}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|fill}}, Pt. {{lang|pt|filho}}).
*Romance groups cl-, fl- and pl- are preserved and in most dialects do not undergo any change, e.g. clavis > clau ('key', Sp. ''llave,'' Cat. ''clau'', Pt. ''chave''). However, in some transitional dialects from both sides ([[Ribagorçan dialect|Ribagorzano]] in Aragonese and [[Ribagorçà]] and Pallarès in Catalan) it becomes cll-, fll- and pll-, e.g. clavis > cllau.
*Romance [[palatal approximant]] (''ge-'', ''gi-'', ''i-'') consistently became medieval {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, as in medieval Catalan and Portuguese. This becomes modern ''ch'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, as a result of the [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|devoicing]] of sibilants (see below). In Spanish, the medieval result was either {{IPA|[dʒ]}}/{{IPA|[ʒ]}}, (modern {{IPA|[x]}}), {{IPA|[ʝ]}}, or nothing, depending on the context. e.g. {{Lang|la|iuvenem}} > {{lang|an|choven}} ('young man', Sp. {{lang|es|joven}} {{IPA|/ˈxoβen/}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|jove}} {{IPA|/ˈʒoβə/}}), {{Lang|la|gelare}} > {{lang|an|chelar}} ('to freeze', Sp. {{lang|es|helar}} {{IPA|/eˈlaɾ/}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|gelar}} {{IPA|/ʒəˈla/}}).
*Romance groups ''-lt-'', ''-ct-'' result in {{IPA|[jt]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|factum}} > {{lang|an|feito}} ('done', Sp. {{lang|es|hecho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|fet}}, Gal./Port. {{lang|gl|feito}}), {{Lang|la|multum}} > {{lang|an|muito}} ('many, much', Sp. {{lang|es|mucho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|molt}}, Gal. {{lang|gl|moito}}, Port. {{lang|gl|muito}}).
*Romance groups ''-x-'', ''-ps-'', ''scj-'' result in voiceless palatal fricative ''ix'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|coxu}} > {{lang|an|coixo}} ('crippled', Sp. {{lang|es|cojo}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|coix}}).
*Romance groups ''-lj-'', ''-c'l-'', ''-t'l-'' result in palatal lateral ''ll'' {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|muliere}} > {{lang|an|muller}} ('woman', Sp. {{lang|es|mujer}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|muller}}), {{Lang|la|acuc'la}} > {{lang|an|agulla}} ('needle', Sp. {{lang|es|aguja}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|agulla}}).

====Shared with Catalan and Spanish====

*Open ''o'', ''e'' from Romance result systematically in diphthongs {{IPA|[we]}}, {{IPA|[je]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|vet'la}} > {{lang|an|viella}} ('old woman', Sp. {{lang|es|vieja}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|vella}}, Pt. {{Lang|pt|velha}}). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. {{Lang|la|octō}} > {{lang|an|ueito}} ('eight', Sp. {{lang|es|ocho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|vuit}}, Pt. ''oito''). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan ''only'' diphthongizes before yod.
*Voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} may be [[Lenition|lenited]] to [[Approximant consonant|approximants]] {{IPA|[β, ð, ɣ]}}.

====Shared with Spanish====

*Loss of final unstressed ''-e'' but not ''-o'', e.g. {{Lang|la|grande}} > {{lang|an|gran}} ('big'), {{Lang|la|factum}} > {{lang|an|feito}} ('done').  Catalan loses both ''-e'' and ''-o'' (Cat. {{Lang|ca|gran}}, {{Lang|ca|fet}}'')''; Spanish preserves ''-o'' and sometimes ''-e'' (Sp. {{Lang|es|hecho}}, {{Lang|es|gran}} ~ {{Lang|es|grande}}).
*Former voiced sibilants become voiceless ({{IPA|[z] > [s]}}, {{IPA|[dʒ] > [tʃ]}}).
*The palatal {{IPA|/j/}} is most often realized as a fricative {{IPA|[ʝ]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estudio de Filología Aragonesa |title=Gramatica basica de l'Aragonés (Texto Provisional) |publisher=Edicions Dichitals de l'Academia de l'Aragonés |year=2017 |location=Zaragoza}}</ref>

====Shared with neither====

*Latin ''-b-'' is maintained in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: {{lang|an|teneba, teniba}} ('he had', Sp. {{lang|es|tenía}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|tenia}}), {{lang|an|dormiba}} ('he was sleeping', Sp. {{lang|es|dormía}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|dormia}}).
*High Aragonese dialects ({{Lang|an|alto aragonés}}) and some dialects of [[Gascon language|Gascon]] have preserved the voicelessness of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. {{Lang|la|cletam}} > {{lang|an|cleta}} ('sheep hurdle', Cat. {{lang|ca|cleda}}, Fr. {{lang|fr|claie}}), {{Lang|la|cuculliatam}} > {{Lang|an|cocullata}} ('crested lark', Sp. {{lang|es|cogujada}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|cogullada}}).
*Several Aragonese dialects maintain Latin ''-ll-'' as [[Gemination|geminate]] {{IPA|/ll/}}.
*The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be as open as {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}}, mainly in the Benasque dialect.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fonética y fonología del aragonés: una asignatura pendiente|last=Simón|first=Javier|year=2016|location=Universidad de Zaragoza}}</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|a}} ||
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Consonant phonemes 
! colspan=2| 
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|θ}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[Central consonant|central]]}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|-
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|ʎ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|}

==Orthography==
{{Update section|date=October 2023}}

Before 2023, Aragonese had three orthographic standards:
* The {{Lang|an|grafía de Uesca}}, codified in 1987 by the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa (CFA) at a convention in [[Huesca]], is used by most Aragonese writers. It has a more uniform system of assigning letters to phonemes, with less regard for etymology; words traditionally written with {{angbr|v}} and {{angbr|b}} are uniformly written with {{angbr|b}} in the Uesca system. Similarly, {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|j}}, and {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}} are all written {{angbr|ch}}. It uses letters associated with Spanish, such as {{angbr|[[ñ]]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Primer Congreso ta ra Normalizazion de l’aragonés |url=http://www.charrando.com/normasgraficas.pdf |title=Normas graficas de l'aragonés: Emologatas en o I Congreso ta ra Normalización de l'aragonés |date=1987 |publisher=Publicazions d’o Consello d’a Fabla Aragonesa |isbn=84-86036-19-4 |location=Uesca |language=an |access-date=2008-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223602/http://www.charrando.com/normasgraficas.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
* The {{Lang|an|grafia SLA}}, devised in 2004 by the [[Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa]] (SLA), is used by some Aragonese writers. It uses etymological forms which are closer to Catalan, Occitan, and medieval Aragonese sources; trying to come closer to the original Aragonese and the other Occitano-Romance languages. In the SLA system {{angbr|v}}, {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|j}}, and {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}} are distinct, and the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|[[ny (digraph)|ny]]}} replaces {{angbr|ñ}}.
* In 2010, the [[Academia de l'Aragonés]] (founded in 2006) established an orthographic standard to modernize medieval [[orthography]] and to make it more etymological.<ref>{{Citation |last=Academia de l'Aragonés |title=Propuesta ortografica de l'Academia de l'Aragonés |date=2010 |url=http://www.academiadelaragones.org/biblio/PROPUESTA%20ORTOGRAFICA%20ACAR%20(copia%20protechida%20ta%20referencia).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011074537/http://www.academiadelaragones.org/biblio/PROPUESTA%20ORTOGRAFICA%20ACAR%20%28copia%20protechida%20ta%20referencia%29.pdf |language=an |archive-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the 16th century, Aragonese [[Morisco]]s wrote ''[[aljamiado]]'' texts (Romance texts in Arabic script), possibly because of their inability to write in [[Arabic]]. The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among the last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon.<ref name="Vespertino" />

{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+Comparison of Aragonese orthographies<ref>Some orthographic details related to local dialects are not listed.</ref> 
|-
! Sounds and features
! Academia de l'Aragonés
! Grafía SLA
! Grafía de Uesca (1987)
|-
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
|-
| {{IPA|/b/}}
| '''b, v''' according to Latin etymology <br />Ex: ''bien, servicio, val, activo, cantaba, debant''
| '''b, v''' according to Medieval etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan<br />Ex: ''bien, servício, val, activo, cantava, devant''
| '''b'''<br />Ex: ''bien, serbizio, bal, autibo, cantaba, debán''
|-
| {{IPA|/k/}}
|
* '''c'''
* '''qu''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''c'''
* '''qu''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''c'''
* '''qu''' before ''e, i''
|-
| {{IPA|/kw/}}
| If there is an etymological ''q'', as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
* '''qu''' before ''a, o''
* '''qü''' before ''e, i''<br />Ex: ''quan, qüestión''
| If there is an etymological ''q'', as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
* '''qu''' before ''a, o''
* '''qü''' before ''e, i''<br />Ex: ''quan, qüestion''
| '''cu''' as in Spanish<br />Ex: ''cuan, cuestión'' 
|-
| {{IPA|/θ/}}
|
* '''z''' before ''a, o, u''
* '''c''' before ''e, i'' (except some loanwords that have ''z'' in their etyma)
* '''z''' in final position (but '''tz''' as a grapheme reflecting the ''t''+''s'' that became '''ts''' in [[Benasquese dialect|Benasquese]] in various plurals and verb forms)<!-- NOTE: I'm not sure if the current text is accurate; the original text, which is kind of hard to understand, is as follows: "but '''tz''' as a grapheme for plurals and verb forms from ''t''+''s'' that in Benasquese become '''ts'''"-->

<br />Ex: ''zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz''
|
* '''z''' before ''a, o, u'', in initial position
* '''ç''' before ''a, o, u'', in inner position
* '''z''' in final position
* '''c''' before ''e, i''
* '''z''' in international formations (learned Greek words and loans that have ''z'' in their etyma)<br />Ex: ''zona, Provença, fez, centro, servício, realizar, verdaz''
| '''z'''<br />Ex: ''zona, Probenza, fez, zentro, serbizio, realizar, berdaz''
|-
| {{IPA|/d/}}
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
|-
| {{IPA|/e/}}
| '''e'''
|'''e'''
| '''e'''
 
|-
| {{IPA|/f/}}
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|
* '''g'''
* '''gu''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''g'''
* '''gu''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''g'''
* '''gu''' before ''e, i''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɡw/}}
|
* '''gu''' before ''a, o''
* '''gü''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''gu''' before ''a, o''
* '''gü''' before ''e, i''
|
* '''gu''' before ''a, o''
* '''gü''' before ''e, i''
|-
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| '''ch'''<br />Ex: ''chaminera, minchar, chusticia, cheografía''
|
* '''ch'''
* '''j''' ('''g''' before ''e, i'') according to etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan<br />Ex: ''chaminera, minjar, justícia, geografia''
| '''ch'''<br />Ex: ''chaminera, minchar, chustizia, cheografía''
|-
| Etymological ''h''<br />{{small|(rendered silent after Latin)}}
| Written according to Latin etymology<br />Ex: ''historia'', ''hibierno''
| Written as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan<br />Ex: ''história'', ''hivierno''
| Not written<br />Ex: ''istoria'', ''ibierno''
|-
| {{IPA|/i/}}
|
* '''i'''
* '''y''' as a copulative conjunction
|
* '''i'''
* '''y''' as a copulative conjunction
|
* '''i'''
* '''y''' as a copulative conjunction
|-
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| '''ll'''
| '''ll'''
| '''ll'''
|-
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| '''m'''
| '''m'''
| '''m'''
|-
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| '''ny''' as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan<br />Ex: ''anyada''
| '''ny''' as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan<br />Ex: ''anyada''
| '''ñ''' as in Spanish<br />Ex: ''añada''
|-
| {{IPA|/o/}}
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
|-
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| '''p'''
| '''p'''
| '''p'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
|-
| {{IPA|/r/}}
|
* '''rr'''
* '''r-''' (word-initially)
|
* '''rr'''
* '''r-''' (word-initially)
|
* '''rr'''
* '''r-''' (word-initially)
|-
| {{IPA|/s/}}
| '''s''' (also between two vowels, never *''ss'')
| '''s''' (also between two vowels, never *''ss'')
| '''s''' (also between two vowels, never *''ss'')
|-
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
|-
| Etymological final ''-t''<br />{{small|(silent in Modern Aragonese)}}
| Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan<br />Ex: ''sociedat, debant, chent''
| Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan<br />Ex: ''sociedat, devant, gent''
| Not written<br />Ex: ''soziedá, debán, chen''
|-
| {{IPA|/u, w/}}
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/iʃ/}}
| '''ix''' as unifying grapheme for all dialects<br />Ex: ''baixo''
'''x''' as in ''xoriguer'' and ''xilófono''
|
* '''x''' in most words and '''ix''' in some words (for Eastern dialects)
* '''x''' in most words (for Western dialects)<br />Ex: ''baixo'' (Eastern) = ''baxo'' (Western)
| '''x'''<br />Ex: ''baxo''
|-
| {{IPA|/j/}}
|
* '''y''' initial and between vowels
* '''i''' in other cases
|
* '''y''' initial and between vowels
* '''i''' in other cases
|
* '''y''' initial and between vowels
* '''i''' in other cases
|-
| Learned Greco-Roman words
| Assimilatory tendencies not written<br />Ex: ''dialecto, extension'', and ''lexico''
| Not all assimilatory tendencies written<br />Ex: ''dialecto, extension'', and ''lexico''
| Assimilatory tendencies written<br />Ex: ''dialeuto, estensión'', but ''lecsico''
|-
| Accent mark for stress<br />{{small|(accented vowel '''in bold''')}}
| Spanish model, but with the possibility for [[oxytone]]s to not be accented<!-- NOTE: I assume they meant that some oxytones *can* be written without an accent mark, but they did not give any examples; the only oxytone given as an example has the stressed vowel marked. Even with text from the Aragonese and Spanish versions of this article, I cannot quite determine what was meant. – Espreon ... Original text: "Spanish model, just in acute words [= oxytones], being permitted non-accentuation"--><br />Ex:
* ''hist'''o'''ria, gr'''a'''cia, serv'''i'''cio''
* ''mitoloch'''í'''a, cheograf'''í'''a, Mar'''í'''a, r'''í'''o''
* ''atenci'''ó'''n''
* ''ch'''o'''ven, cant'''a'''ban''
| Portuguese, Catalan and Occitan model<br />Ex:
* ''hist'''ó'''ria, gr'''á'''cia, serv'''í'''cio''
* ''mitolog'''i'''a, geograf'''i'''a, Mar'''i'''a, r'''i'''o''
* ''atenci'''o'''n''
* ''j'''o'''ven, cant'''a'''van''
| Spanish model<br />Ex:
* ''ist'''o'''ria, gr'''a'''zia, serb'''i'''zio''
* ''mitoloch'''í'''a, cheograf'''í'''a, Mar'''í'''a, r'''í'''o''
* ''atenzi'''ó'''n''
* ''ch'''o'''ben, cant'''a'''ban''
|}

In 2023, a new orthographic standard has been published by the ''Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua''.<ref>[https://academiaaragonesadelalengua.org/sites/default/files/ficheros-pdf/ortografia-de-laragones_web_an.pdf Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua - Instituto de l'Aragonés Ortografía de l'aragonés]</ref> This version is close to the Academia de l'Aragonés orthography, but with the following differences: {{IPA|/kw/}} is always spelled ⟨cu⟩, e. g. ''cuan, cuestión'' (exception is made for some loanwords: ''quad, quadrívium, quark, quásar, quáter, quórum''); {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is spelled ⟨ny⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩ by personal preference; final ⟨z⟩ is not written as ⟨tz⟩.

The marginal phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (only in loanwords, e. g. ''jabugo'') is spelled '''j''' in the Uesca, Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua standards (not mentioned in the SLA standard). Additionally, the Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua orthographies allow the letter '''j''' in some loanwords internationally known with it (e. g. ''jazz, jacuzzi'', which normally have {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in the Aragonese pronunciation) and also mention the letters '''k''' and '''w''', also used only in loanwords ('''w''' may represent {{IPA|/b/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}).

==Grammar==
Aragonese grammar has a lot in common with [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Tomás Arias |first=Javier |title=Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés: estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances |date=2016 |type=Doctoral thesis |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |trans-title=Elements of Contrastive Linguistics in Aragonese: A Study of Certain Affinities with Gascon, Catalan and Other Romance Languages |hdl=2445/108282 |hdl-access=free |language=es}}</ref> but also [[Spanish language|Spanish]].

=== {{anchor|Definite article|Article}}Articles ===

The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, {{clarify|date=September 2020}} with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 
! Masculine
! Feminine
|-
! Singular
| el
| la
|-
! Plural
| els/es
| las/les
|}
These forms are used in the eastern and some central dialects.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 
! Masculine
! Feminine
|-
! Singular
| lo/ro/o
| la/ra/a
|-
! Plural
| los/ros/os
| las/ras/as
|}
These forms are used in the western and some central dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagore |first=Francho |title=Gramática de la Lengua Aragonesa |publisher=Mira Editores |year=1989 |location=Zaragoza |language=es |trans-title=Grammar of the Aragonese Language}}</ref>

===Lexicology===
Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=469 |language=en}}</ref> Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the [[Pyrenees]]. [[French language|French]] has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and [[English language|English]] has introduced a number of new words into the language.

===Gender===
Words that were part of the [[Latin declension#Second declension .28o stems.29|Latin second declension]]—as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine:

* {{Lang|la|filiu(m)}} > {{Lang|an|fillo}} ('son')
* {{Lang|la|sciuru}} + {{Lang|la|olu(m)}} > {{Lang|an|esquiruelo, esquirol}} ('[[squirrel]]')

Words that were part of the [[Latin declension#First declension .28a stems.29|Latin first declension]] are usually feminine:
* {{Lang|la|filia(m)}} > {{Lang|an|filla}} ('daughter').

Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the [[Latin declension#First declension .28a stems.29|first declension]] as singular feminine nouns: 
* {{Lang|la|folia}} > {{Lang|an|fuella}} ('leaf').

Words ending in ''-or'' are feminine:
* {{Lang|an|a honor}}, {{Lang|an|a calor}}, {{Lang|an|a color}}, and (in Medieval Aragonese) {{Lang|an|la amor}}

The names of fruit trees usually end in ''-era'' (a suffix derived from Latin ''-aria'') and are usually feminine:
* ''a [[Pear|perera]]'', ''a [[Malus|manzanera]]'', ''a [[Juglans regia|nuquera]]'', {{Lang|an|a castanyera}}, {{Lang|an|a tellera}} ''/'' {{Lang|an|o tilero}}, ''a [[olive]]ra'', ''a [[Prunus avium|ciresera]]'', ''l'[[Almond|almendrera]]''

The genders of river names vary:

* Many ending in ''-a'' are feminine: {{Lang|an|a Cinca}}''/''{{Lang|an|a Cinga}}, {{Lang|an|a Cinqueta}}, {{Lang|an|a Garona}}, {{Lang|an|L'Arba}}, {{Lang|an|a Noguera}}, {{Lang|an|a Isuela}}, {{Lang|an|La Uecha}}, {{Lang|an|La Uerva}}, etc. The last was known as {{Lang|an|río de la Uerba}} during the 16th century.
* Many from the second and the third declension are masculine: ''L'[[Ebro]]'', ''O [[Gállego (river)|Galligo]]'', {{Lang|an|O Flumen}}, {{Lang|an|L'Alcanadre}}.

===Pronouns===
Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has [[partitive]] and [[locative case|locative]] [[clitic]] pronouns derived from the Latin {{Lang|la|inde}} and {{Lang|la|ibi}}: {{Lang|an|en}}''/''{{Lang|an|ne}} and {{Lang|an|bi}}''/''{{Lang|an|i}}''/''{{Lang|an|ie}}; unlike Ibero-Romance.

Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages ([[Catalan language|Catalan]] {{Lang|ca|en}} and {{Lang|ca|hi}}, [[Occitan language|Occitan]] {{Lang|oc|ne}} and {{Lang|oc|i}}, French {{Lang|fr|en}} and {{Lang|fr|y}}, and Italian {{Lang|it|ne}} and {{Lang|it|ci}}''/''{{Lang|it|vi}}).

{{Lang|an|En}}''/''{{Lang|an|ne}} is used for:
* Partitive objects: {{Lang|an|No n'he visto como aquello}} ("I haven't seen anything like that", literally 'Not (of it) I have seen like that').
* Partitive subjects: {{Lang|an|En fa tanto de mal}} ("It hurts so much", literally '(of it) it causes so much of pain')
* [[Ablative case|Ablatives]], places from which movements originate: {{Lang|an|Se'n va ra memoria}} ("Memory goes away", literally '(away from [the mind]) memory goes')

{{Lang|an|Bi}}''/''{{Lang|an|hi}}''/''{{Lang|an|ie}} is used for:
* Locatives, where something takes place: {{Lang|an|N'hi heba uno}} ("There was one of them"), literally '(Of them) there was one')
* [[Allative case|Allative]]s, places that movements go towards or end: {{Lang|an|Vés-be}} ('Go there (imperative)')

=={{anchor|Medieval Ages}}Literature==
{{Main|Aragonese-language literature}}

Aragonese was not written until the 12th and 13th centuries; the history ''{{ill|Liber Regum|an}}'',<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua">{{Cite book |last=Enguita Utrilla |first=José María |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJYbAAAAIAAJ&q=Libre+dels+tres+reys+d%2527orient |title=I Curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón (Edad Media) |date=1991 |publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |isbn=9788478200917 |location=Zaragoza |language=es |trans-title=Course I on Language and Literature in Aragon (Middle Ages)}}</ref> {{Lang|an|Razón feita d'amor}},<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /> {{Lang|an|Libre dels tres reys d'orient}},<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /> and {{Lang|an|Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca}} date from this period;<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /><ref>see {{Cite book |last=Paul the Deacon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwDJOAAACAAJ&q=La+vida+de+Santa+Maria+egipciaca |title=La Vida de Santa María Egipiciaqua |date=1977 |publisher=University of Exeter |isbn = 9780859890670|language=es}}, a fourteenth-century translation into Old Castilian from Latin of a work by Paul the Deacon</ref> an Aragonese version of the ''[[Chronicle of the Morea#Aragonese text|Chronicle of the Morea]]'' also exists, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called {{Lang|an|Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea}}.

==={{anchor|Early modern period literature}}Early modern period===
Since 1500, Spanish has been the cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carrasquer Launed |first=Francisco |date=1993 |title=Cinco oscenses: Samblancat, Alaiz, Acín, Maurín y Sender, en la punta de lanza de la prerrevolución española |trans-title=Five Oscenses: Samblancat, Alaiz, Acín, Maurín and Sender, at the Spearhead of the Spanish Pre-revolution |url=http://revistas.iea.es/index.php/ALZ/article/view/46 |journal=Alazet: Revista de filología |language=es |volume=5 |pages=16–17 |quote=... aragoneses eran los hermanos Argensola, que según el dicho clásico subieron a Castilla desde Barbastro a enseñar castellano a los castellanos ...}}</ref>
Aragonese became a popular village language.<ref name="Vespertino">{{Cite journal |last=Vespertino Rodríguez |first=Antonio |date=2002–2004 |title=El aragonés de la literatura aljamiado-morisca |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/50/097vespertino.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/50/097vespertino.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Archivo de filología aragonesa |language=es |volume=59-60 |issue=2 |pages=1731–1756}}</ref> During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés".<ref>{{Cite book| last=Navarro|first=Chusé Inazio|date=2011|title= Letras de cobre. Un breve recorrido por la literatura en lengua aragonesa. |language=es| publisher= Euskaltzaindia|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3854920}}</ref>

===Contemporary literature===
The 19th and 20th centuries have seen a renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz's novel {{Lang|an|Vida de Pedro Saputo}} was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Edward H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrB-EAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to the Spanish Picaresque Novel |date=2022 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-85566-367-1 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's [[costumbrismo|costumbrist]] comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela's novel {{Lang|an|A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano}}, also in the [[Somontano de Barbastro|southern]] dialect.

==Aragonese in modern education==
The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language.<ref name="Huguet et al. 2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Huguet |first1=Ángel |last2=Lapresta |first2=Cecilio |last3=Madariaga |first3=José M. |date=2008 |title=A Study on Language Attitudes Towards Regional and Foreign Languages by School Children in Aragon, Spain |journal=International Journal of Multilingualism |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=275–293 |doi=10.1080/14790710802152412 |s2cid=144326159}}</ref> Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the 1997–1998 academic year.<ref name="Huguet et al. 2008" /> It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017">{{Cite book |url=https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/aragonese_in_spain.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/aragonese_in_spain.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Aragonese Language in Education in Spain |last1=Martínez Cortés |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Paricio Martín |first2=Santiago J. |date=2017 |publisher=Mercator |location=[[Leeuwarden]]}}</ref> However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as the language of instruction, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the Aragonese philology university course, which is optional, taught over the summer and in which only some of the lectures are in Aragonese.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

===Pre-school education===
In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons a week.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> In the 2014–2015 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

===Primary school education===
The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> Despite this, in the 2014–2015 academic year there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons was 320.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

As of 2017 there were 1068 reported Aragonese language students and 12 Aragonese language instructors in Aragon.<ref>"  Torres-Oliva, M., Petreñas, C., Huguet, Á., & Lapresta, C. (2019). The legal rights of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren: The current state of Aragonese language teaching in Aragon (Spain). Language Problems & Language Planning, 43(3), 262–285. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor</ref>

===Secondary school education===
There is no officially approved program or teaching materials for the Aragonese language at the secondary level, and though two non-official textbooks are available ({{Lang|an|Pos ixo... Materials ta aprender aragonés}} (Benítez, 2007) and {{Lang|an|Aragonés ta Secundaria}} (Campos, 2014)) many instructors create their own learning materials. Further, most schools with Aragonese programs that have the possibility of being offered as an examinative subject have elected not to do so.

As of 2007 it is possible to use Aragonese as a language of instruction for multiple courses; however, no program is yet to instruct any curricular or examinative courses in Aragonese.
As of the 2014–2015 academic year there were 14 Aragonese language students at the secondary level.<ref name="Dongera, R. 2016">van Dongera, R., Krol-Hage, R. (Ed.), Sterk, R. (Ed.), Terlaak Poot, M. (Ed.), Martínez Cortés, J. P., & Paricio Martín, J. (2016). Aragonese: The Aragonese language in education in Spain. (Regional dossiers series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.</ref>

===Higher education===
Aragonese is not currently a possible field of study for a bachelor's or postgraduate degree in any official capacity, nor is Aragonese used as a medium of instruction.  A bachelor's or master's degree may be obtained in Magisterio (teaching) at the University of Zaragoza; however, no specialization in Aragonese language is currently available. As such those who wish to teach Aragonese at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level must already be competent in the language by being a native speaker or by other means. Further, prospective instructors must pass an ad hoc exam curated by the individual schools at which they wish to teach in order to prove their competence, as there are no recognized standard competency exams for the Aragonese language.

Since the 1994–1995 academic year, Aragonese has been an elective subject within the bachelor's degree for primary school education at the University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus.<ref name="Dongera, R. 2016"/>

The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus also offers a ''Diploma de Especialización'' (These are studies that require a previous university degree and have a duration of between 30 and 59 ECTS credits.) in Aragonese Philology with 37 ECTS credits.<ref>[https://magister.unizar.es/estudios/diploma-especializacion-filologia-aragonesa Diploma de Especialización en Filología Aragonesa] - Universidad de Zaragoza, accessed on 01 February 2023.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Academia de l'Aragonés]]
*''[[Arredol]]'' – Electronic Aragonese newspaper
*[[Rosario Ustáriz Borra]]

{{Portal|Language}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Mott |first=Brian |title=Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese) |url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=103–114 |year=2007 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002842|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aragonese language}}
{{Wiktionary category|type=Aragonese language|category=Aragonese language}}
{{InterWiki|code=an}}
{{Wikibooks|Aragonese}}
*[http://www.consello.org/pdf_temporal/repertoriopublicazions.pdf Catalogue of Aragonese publications]
*[https://www.academiaaragonesadelalengua.org/ Aragonese Academy of Language] - official regulatory institution
*[http://www.academiadelaragones.org/ Academia de l'Aragonés] - cultural association
*[https://www.consello.org/ Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa] - cultural association
*[http://www.fablans.org/ Ligallo de Fablans de l'Aragonés] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311154144/http://fablans.org/ |date=2021-03-11 }}
*[http://www.nogara-religada.org/ A.C. Nogará]
*[https://sites.google.com/site/sociedat/ Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa] - cultural association
*[http://www.charrando.com/ Aragonese language]

{{Languages of Spain}}
{{Romance languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aragonese Language}}
[[Category:Aragonese language| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Aragon]]
[[Category:Navarro-Aragonese]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Romance languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Europe]]