Aragonese language

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File:Ibero orientales aragonés.PNG
Map of the Occitano-Romance languages: Catalan in red, Occitan in purple and Aragonese in yellow

Aragonese (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Lang Template:IPA in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.<ref name="hablantes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Reyes et al. 2017">Template:Cite book</ref> It is the only modern language which survived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese in a form distinct from Spanish.

Historically, people referred to the language as Template:Lang ('talk' or 'speech'). Native Aragonese people usually refer to it by the names of its local dialects such as Template:Lang (from Valle de Hecho) or Template:Lang (from the Benasque Valley).

History

File:Evolución cheografica de l'aragonés.svg
The gradual retreat of Aragonese under the pressure of Castilian (Spanish)

Aragonese, which developed in portions of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to modern Basque might have been previously spoken. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west, with the boundaries blurred by dialectal continuity. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the cession of Murcia by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known proponent of the Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Castilian (Spanish), the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in schools and the establishment of Castilian (Spanish) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However, the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy heralded literary works and studies of the language.

Modern Aragonese

Multicolored map of Aragon
Aragonese dialect map

Aragonese is the native language of the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are Huesca, Graus, Monzón, Barbastro, Bielsa, Chistén, Fonz, Echo, Estadilla, Benasque, Campo, Sabiñánigo, Jaca, Plan, Ansó, Ayerbe, Broto, and El Grado.

It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza, Huesca, Ejea de los Caballeros, or Teruel. According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011)<ref name="Reyes et al. 2017" /> including speakers living outside the native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese.<ref name="hablantes" />

In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized the "native language, original and historic" of Aragon. The language received several linguistic rights, including its use in public administration.<ref>Languages Act of Aragon Template:Webarchive Official Bulletin of Aragon</ref><ref>Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón. BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010, páginas 9875 a 9887</ref> Some of the legislation was repealed by a new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013).<ref>Ley 3/2013, de 9 de mayo, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón. BOE núm. 138, de 10 de junio de 2013, páginas 43654 a 43662</ref> [See Languages Acts of Aragon for more information on the subject]

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Traits

Animated territorial map of Spain
Aragonese expanded into the territories of the Kingdom of Aragon from the 12th to the 16th centuries.

Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.

Shared with Catalan

Shared with Catalan and Spanish

Shared with Spanish

Shared with neither

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Plosive Template:Small Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Template:Small Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Fricative Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Approximant Template:Small Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Template:Small Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink
Flap Template:IPAlink
Trill Template:IPAlink

Orthography

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Before 2023, Aragonese had three orthographic standards:

During the 16th century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic script), possibly because of their inability to write in Arabic. The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among the last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon.<ref name="Vespertino" />

Comparison of Aragonese orthographies<ref>Some orthographic details related to local dialects are not listed.</ref>
Sounds and features Academia de l'Aragonés Grafía SLA Grafía de Uesca (1987)
Template:IPA a a a
Template:IPA b, v according to Latin etymology
Ex: bien, servicio, val, activo, cantaba, debant 		b, v according to Medieval etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan
Ex: bien, servício, val, activo, cantava, devant 		b
Ex: bien, serbizio, bal, autibo, cantaba, debán
Template:IPA
  • c
  • qu before e, i
  • c
  • qu before e, i
  • c
  • qu before e, i
Template:IPA If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
  • qu before a, o
  • qü before e, i
    Ex: quan, qüestión
 If there is an etymological q, as in Catalan and a bit in Occitan:
  • qu before a, o
  • qü before e, i
    Ex: quan, qüestion
 cu as in Spanish
Ex: cuan, cuestión
Template:IPA
  • z before a, o, u
  • c before e, i (except some loanwords that have z in their etyma)
  • z in final position (but tz as a grapheme reflecting the t+s that became ts in Benasquese in various plurals and verb forms)


Ex: zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz

  • z before a, o, u, in initial position
  • ç before a, o, u, in inner position
  • z in final position
  • c before e, i
  • z in international formations (learned Greek words and loans that have z in their etyma)
    Ex: zona, Provença, fez, centro, servício, realizar, verdaz
 z
Ex: zona, Probenza, fez, zentro, serbizio, realizar, berdaz
Template:IPA d d d
Template:IPA e e e
Template:IPA f f f
Template:IPA
  • g
  • gu before e, i
  • g
  • gu before e, i
  • g
  • gu before e, i
Template:IPA
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
  • gu before a, o
  • gü before e, i
Template:IPA ch
Ex: chaminera, minchar, chusticia, cheografía
  • ch
  • j (g before e, i) according to etymology, as in Catalan and Occitan
    Ex: chaminera, minjar, justícia, geografia
 ch
Ex: chaminera, minchar, chustizia, cheografía
Etymological h
Template:Small 		Written according to Latin etymology
Ex: historia, hibierno 		Written as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: história, hivierno 		Not written
Ex: istoria, ibierno
Template:IPA
  • i
  • y as a copulative conjunction
  • i
  • y as a copulative conjunction
  • i
  • y as a copulative conjunction
Template:IPA l l l
Template:IPA ll ll ll
Template:IPA m m m
Template:IPA n n n
Template:IPA ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: anyada 		ny as in Medieval Aragonese and Catalan
Ex: anyada 		ñ as in Spanish
Ex: añada
Template:IPA o o o
Template:IPA p p p
Template:IPA r r r
Template:IPA
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
  • rr
  • r- (word-initially)
Template:IPA s (also between two vowels, never *ss) s (also between two vowels, never *ss) s (also between two vowels, never *ss)
Template:IPA t t t
Etymological final -t
Template:Small 		Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan
Ex: sociedat, debant, chent 		Written as in Medieval Aragonese, Catalan and Occitan
Ex: sociedat, devant, gent 		Not written
Ex: soziedá, debán, chen
Template:IPA u u u
Template:IPA and Template:IPA ix as unifying grapheme for all dialects
Ex: baixo

x as in xoriguer and xilófono

  • x in most words and ix in some words (for Eastern dialects)
  • x in most words (for Western dialects)
    Ex: baixo (Eastern) = baxo (Western)
 x
Ex: baxo
Template:IPA
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
  • y initial and between vowels
  • i in other cases
Learned Greco-Roman words Assimilatory tendencies not written
Ex: dialecto, extension, and lexico 		Not all assimilatory tendencies written
Ex: dialecto, extension, and lexico 		Assimilatory tendencies written
Ex: dialeuto, estensión, but lecsico
Accent mark for stress
Template:Small 		Spanish model, but with the possibility for oxytones to not be accented
Ex:
  • historia, gracia, servicio
  • mitolochía, cheografía, María, río
  • atención
  • choven, cantaban
 Portuguese, Catalan and Occitan model
Ex:
  • história, grácia, servício
  • mitologia, geografia, Maria, rio
  • atencion
  • joven, cantavan
 Spanish model
Ex:
  • istoria, grazia, serbizio
  • mitolochía, cheografía, María, río
  • atenzión
  • choben, cantaban

In 2023, a new orthographic standard has been published by the Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua.<ref>Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua - Instituto de l'Aragonés Ortografía de l'aragonés</ref> This version is close to the Academia de l'Aragonés orthography, but with the following differences: Template:IPA is always spelled ⟨cu⟩, e. g. cuan, cuestión (exception is made for some loanwords: quad, quadrívium, quark, quásar, quáter, quórum); Template:IPA is spelled ⟨ny⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩ by personal preference; final ⟨z⟩ is not written as ⟨tz⟩.

The marginal phoneme Template:IPA (only in loanwords, e. g. jabugo) is spelled j in the Uesca, Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua standards (not mentioned in the SLA standard). Additionally, the Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua orthographies allow the letter j in some loanwords internationally known with it (e. g. jazz, jacuzzi, which normally have Template:IPA in the Aragonese pronunciation) and also mention the letters k and w, also used only in loanwords (w may represent Template:IPA or Template:IPA).

Grammar

Aragonese grammar has a lot in common with Occitan and Catalan,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> but also Spanish.

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The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, Template:Clarify with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms:

Masculine Feminine
Singular el la
Plural els/es las/les

These forms are used in the eastern and some central dialects.

Masculine Feminine
Singular lo/ro/o la/ra/a
Plural los/ros/os las/ras/as

These forms are used in the western and some central dialects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Lexicology

Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees. French has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language.

Gender

Words that were part of the Latin second declension—as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine:

Words that were part of the Latin first declension are usually feminine:

Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the first declension as singular feminine nouns:

Words ending in -or are feminine:

The names of fruit trees usually end in -era (a suffix derived from Latin -aria) and are usually feminine:

The genders of river names vary:

Pronouns

Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has partitive and locative clitic pronouns derived from the Latin Template:Lang and Template:Lang: Template:Lang/Template:Lang and Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang; unlike Ibero-Romance.

Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages (Catalan Template:Lang and Template:Lang, Occitan Template:Lang and Template:Lang, French Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and Italian Template:Lang and Template:Lang/Template:Lang).

Template:Lang/Template:Lang is used for:

  • Partitive objects: Template:Lang ("I haven't seen anything like that", literally 'Not (of it) I have seen like that').
  • Partitive subjects: Template:Lang ("It hurts so much", literally '(of it) it causes so much of pain')
  • Ablatives, places from which movements originate: Template:Lang ("Memory goes away", literally '(away from [the mind]) memory goes')

Template:Lang/Template:Lang/Template:Lang is used for:

  • Locatives, where something takes place: Template:Lang ("There was one of them"), literally '(Of them) there was one')
  • Allatives, places that movements go towards or end: Template:Lang ('Go there (imperative)')

Template:AnchorLiterature

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Aragonese was not written until the 12th and 13th centuries; the history Template:Ill,<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang,<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /> Template:Lang,<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /> and Template:Lang date from this period;<ref name="I Curso sobre lengua" /><ref>see Template:Cite book, a fourteenth-century translation into Old Castilian from Latin of a work by Paul the Deacon</ref> an Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea also exists, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called Template:Lang.

Template:AnchorEarly modern period

Since 1500, Spanish has been the cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Aragonese became a popular village language.<ref name="Vespertino">Template:Cite journal</ref> During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Contemporary literature

The 19th and 20th centuries have seen a renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz's novel Template:Lang was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's costumbrist comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela's novel Template:Lang, also in the southern dialect.

Aragonese in modern education

The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language.<ref name="Huguet et al. 2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the 1997–1998 academic year.<ref name="Huguet et al. 2008" /> It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017">Template:Cite book</ref> However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as the language of instruction, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the Aragonese philology university course, which is optional, taught over the summer and in which only some of the lectures are in Aragonese.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

Pre-school education

In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons a week.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> In the 2014–2015 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

Primary school education

The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" /> Despite this, in the 2014–2015 academic year there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons was 320.<ref name="Martínez Cortés & Paricio Martín 2017" />

As of 2017 there were 1068 reported Aragonese language students and 12 Aragonese language instructors in Aragon.<ref>" Torres-Oliva, M., Petreñas, C., Huguet, Á., & Lapresta, C. (2019). The legal rights of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren: The current state of Aragonese language teaching in Aragon (Spain). Language Problems & Language Planning, 43(3), 262–285. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor</ref>

Secondary school education

There is no officially approved program or teaching materials for the Aragonese language at the secondary level, and though two non-official textbooks are available (Template:Lang (Benítez, 2007) and Template:Lang (Campos, 2014)) many instructors create their own learning materials. Further, most schools with Aragonese programs that have the possibility of being offered as an examinative subject have elected not to do so.

As of 2007 it is possible to use Aragonese as a language of instruction for multiple courses; however, no program is yet to instruct any curricular or examinative courses in Aragonese. As of the 2014–2015 academic year there were 14 Aragonese language students at the secondary level.<ref name="Dongera, R. 2016">van Dongera, R., Krol-Hage, R. (Ed.), Sterk, R. (Ed.), Terlaak Poot, M. (Ed.), Martínez Cortés, J. P., & Paricio Martín, J. (2016). Aragonese: The Aragonese language in education in Spain. (Regional dossiers series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.</ref>

Higher education

Aragonese is not currently a possible field of study for a bachelor's or postgraduate degree in any official capacity, nor is Aragonese used as a medium of instruction. A bachelor's or master's degree may be obtained in Magisterio (teaching) at the University of Zaragoza; however, no specialization in Aragonese language is currently available. As such those who wish to teach Aragonese at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level must already be competent in the language by being a native speaker or by other means. Further, prospective instructors must pass an ad hoc exam curated by the individual schools at which they wish to teach in order to prove their competence, as there are no recognized standard competency exams for the Aragonese language.

Since the 1994–1995 academic year, Aragonese has been an elective subject within the bachelor's degree for primary school education at the University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus.<ref name="Dongera, R. 2016"/>

The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus also offers a Diploma de Especialización (These are studies that require a previous university degree and have a duration of between 30 and 59 ECTS credits.) in Aragonese Philology with 37 ECTS credits.<ref>Diploma de Especialización en Filología Aragonesa - Universidad de Zaragoza, accessed on 01 February 2023.</ref>

See also

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References

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Further reading

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