View source for British Americans

{{Short description|Americans of British birth or descent}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Confuse|American English|Anglo-Americans|English Americans}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = British Americans
| flag             = 
| image            = American Ancestrial Plurality (2010).png
| population       = '''61.7 million''' ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Races and Ethnicities USA 2020|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><br> 18.4% of the total US population<br>{{*}}[[English Americans|English]]: 46.6 million<br>{{*}}[[Scottish Americans|Scottish]]: 8.4 million<br>{{*}}[[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]]: 2.5 million <br>{{*}}[[Cornish Americans|Cornish]]: 2 million <br>{{*}}[[Welsh Americans|Welsh]]: 2 million<br>{{*}}[[Manx Americans|Manx]]: 7 thousand<br>{{*}} Other: 230,000<br><br>'''Alone'''<br> '''39.1 million''' ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html |title= Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020 |publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref> <br> 11.8% of the total US population
| popplace         = Throughout the entire United States<br /> Less common in the Midwest<br />Predominantly in the South, New England and Mountain West regions.
| langs            = [[English language|English]], [[Goidelic languages]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| rels             = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br />Mainly [[Protestant]] ({{tooltip|esp.|especially}} [[Baptist]], [[Congregationalist]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]], [[Methodist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Quaker]]), to a lesser extent [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saint]] (Although the Latter is significant in [[Utah]]) as well as [[Irreligion|non-religious]], along with converts to [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[eastern religions]], etc.
| related          = {{hlist|[[English Americans]]|[[Scottish Americans]]|[[Welsh Americans]]|[[Scotch-Irish Americans|Ulster Scots Americans]]|[[Manx Americans]]|[[Cornish Americans]]|[[American ancestry|Americans]]|[[British Canadians]]|[[Gaels]]|[[British people|Britons]]|[[Orcadians]]|[[Irish Americans]]|[[White Americans]]|[[European Americans]]|[[Old Stock Americans]]}}
}}

'''British Americans''' usually refers to  [[Americans]] whose [[ancestry|ancestral origin]] originates wholly or partly in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland]] and also the [[Isle of Man]], the [[Channel Islands]], and [[Gibraltar]]). It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of [[Great Britain]] and the modern [[United Kingdom]], i.e. [[English Americans|English]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[Orcadians|Orcadian]], [[Manx Americans|Manx]], [[Cornish Americans]] and those from the [[Channel Islands]] and [[Gibraltar]].

Based on 2020 [[American Community Survey]] estimates, 1,934,397 individuals identified as having British ancestry, while a further 25,213,619 identified as having English ancestry, 5,298,861 Scottish ancestry and 1,851,256 Welsh ancestry. The total of these groups, at 34,298,133, was 10.5% of the total population. A further 31,518,129 individuals identified as having Irish ancestry, but this is not differentiated between modern [[Northern Ireland]] (part of the [[United Kingdom]]) and the [[Republic of Ireland]], which was part of the United Kingdom during the greatest phase of Irish immigration. Figures for Manx and Cornish ancestries are not separately reported, although Manx was reported prior to 1990, numbering 9,220 on the 1980 census, and some estimates put Cornish ancestry as high as 2 million. This figure also does not include people reporting ancestries in countries with majority or plurality British ancestries, such as Canadian, South African, New Zealander (21,575) or Australian (105,152).<ref name="factfinder.census.gov5">{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006:%20PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> There has been a significant drop overall, especially from the [[1980 United States census|1980]] census where 49.59 million people reported English ancestry and larger numbers reported [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]] and [[People of Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] ancestry also.

Demographers regard current figures as a "serious under-count", as a large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since [[1980 United States census|1980]] where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified".<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980] (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10)
Issued: April 1983</ref> This response is highly overrepresented in the [[Upland South]], a region settled historically by the British.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mCopDwAAQBAJ&dq=british+ancestry+american+community+survey&pg=PA200 Ethnic Landscapes of America] – By John A. Cross</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQOJDBgBFmYC&dq=12%2C395%2C999+census+american&pg=PA6 Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2] – By United States. Bureau of the Census</ref><ref>Dominic J. Pulera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57 Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America]''.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>[[Stanley Lieberson]] and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and [[Mary C. Waters]], 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> Those of mixed European ancestry may identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.<ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref> Of the top ten family names in the United States (2010), seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage (such as Welsh, Scottish or Cornish), the other three being of Spanish origin.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census] – United States Census Bureau</ref>

Not to be confused are cases when the term is also used in an entirely different (although possibly overlapping) sense to refer to people who are [[dual citizens]] of both the United Kingdom and the United States.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==Sense of heritage==
[[File:United Kingdom United States Locator.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|{{Legend0|#3c9d3c}}[[UK]] &nbsp;{{Legend0|#ff7500}}United States.]]
[[Americans]] of British heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "[[American ancestry|American]]" due to the many historic, linguistic and cultural ties between [[Great Britain]] and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible".<ref>Charlotte Erickson, ''Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America'' (1990)</ref> This may be due to the early establishment of British settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.<ref name="lieberson1" />

==Number of British Americans==
Table below shows census results between 1980 (when data on ancestry was first collected) and the 2020 census. Response rates for the question on ancestry was 83.1%  (1980) 90.4% (1990) and 80.1% (2000) for the total population of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=1980 Census of Population: Ancestry of the population by state: 1980|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/1983/dec/pc80-s1-10.pdf |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancestry: 2000 Census in Brief|url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ancestry.pdf|publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! colspan="1"|  Year 
! Ethnic origin
! Population 
! %
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Great Britain|British]]; total||61,327,867||31.67
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1980<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980|website=Census.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab04.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
| English ||49,598,035||26.34
|-
| Scottish || 10,048,816||4.44
|-
| Welsh || 1,664,598||0.88
|-
| Northern Irish|| 16,418||0.01
|-
!colspan="2"|Total||46,816,175||18.8
|-
| rowspan="5"| 1990<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref>
| English||32,651,788||13.1
|-
| Scottish|| 5,393,581|| 2.2
|-
| Scotch-Irish || 5,617,773||2.3
|-
| Welsh ||2,033,893||0.8
|-
| British||1,119,140||0.4
|-
! colspan="2"|Total||36,564,465||12.9
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2000<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancestry: 2000|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213043/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
| English|| 24,515,138||8.7
|- 
| Scottish || 4,890,581|| 1.7
|-
| Scotch-Irish ||4,319,232||1.5
|-
| Welsh ||1,753,794||0.6
|-
| British|| 1,085,720||0.4
|-
! colspan="2"|Total||37,619,881||14.4
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
| English|| 25,927,345 || 8.4
|-
| Scottish || 5,460,679 ||3.1
|-
| Scotch-Irish || 3,257,161 ||1.9
|-
| Welsh || 1,793,356|| 0.6
|-
| British || 1,181,340|| 0.4
|-
! colspan="2"|Total||58,649,411||TBA
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-hispanic-population.html |title= Eight Hispanic Groups Each Had a Million or More Population in 2020 |publisher=[[United States census]]|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=November 5, 2023}}</ref>
| English|| 46,550,968 || 14.0
|-
| Scottish || 8,422,613|| TBA
|-
| Scots-Irish || 794,478 ||TBA
|-
| Welsh || 1,977,383|| TBA
|-
| British || 860,315|| TBA
|-
| British Islander ||43,654 || TBA
|}

===Composition of Colonial America===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|float=right
|caption = Ethnic distribution in 1700.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbQWAAAAQBAJ&q=enduring+vision+ethnic+composition+colonial+america+1755&pg=PA99|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877|first=Thomas L.|last=Purvis|access-date=November 5, 2019|isbn=9781285605876|date=2013-01-29|publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref>
|label1 = [[English people|English]] / [[Welsh people|Welsh]]
|value1 = 80.0
|color1 = DarkBlue
 
|label2 = [[Dutch people|Dutch]]
|value2 = 4.0
|color2 = Gold
 
|label3 = [[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|value3 = 3.0
|color3 = dodgerblue 
   
|label4 = [[African Americans|African American]]
|value4 = 11.0
|color4 = Green

|label5 = Other Europeans
|value5 = 2.0
|color5 = Red
|label6 = 
|value6 = 
|color6 = 
}}
According to estimates by Thomas L. Purvis (1984), published in the ''European ancestry of the United States'', gives the ethnic composition of the American colonies from 1700 to 1755. British ancestry in 1755 was estimated to be 63%, comprising 52% English and Welsh, 7.0% Scots-Irish, and 4% Scottish.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbQWAAAAQBAJ&q=enduring+vision+ethnic+composition+colonial+america+1755&pg=PA99|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume I: To 1877|first=Thomas L.|last=Purvis|access-date=November 5, 2019|isbn=9781285605876|date=2013-01-29|publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref>

===Studies on origins, 1790===
{{multiple image
 | align     = right
 | direction = vertical
 | image1    = National Origins of the White Population of the USA, 1920.png
 | width1    = 270
 | caption1  = The White Population of the United States in [[1920 United States census|1920]], apportioned according to the [[National Origins Formula]] prescribed by §11(c) of the [[Immigration Act of 1924]]. About 43.5% of [[White Americans]] were deemed to be of [[Old Stock Americans|colonial stock]] descended from the population enumerated in [[1790 United States census|1790]], more than 3/4 of whom from [[Great Britain]].<ref name="McCarran1950-5">{{cite report|title=Investigation of the Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States|author=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]|id=Senate Report № 81-1515|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908005206/https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf|date=April 20, 1950|pages=768–925|archive-date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> 
 | image2    = White Americans by National Origin in the 1790 Census (1909 CPG and 1929 ACLS estimates).png
 | width2    = 270
 | caption2  = [[European Americans]] in [[1790 United States census|1790]], by nationality, according to the preliminary ''Century of Population Growth'' estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised [[American Council of Learned Societies]] study estimates accepted by the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] in 1929 (bottom half).<ref name="CPG1909">{{cite book|date=1909|title=A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900.|first1=W. S.|last1=Rossiter|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[U.S. Bureau of the Census]]|chapter=Chapter XI. NATIONALITY AS INDICATED BY NAMES OF HEADS OF FAMILIES REPORTED AT THE FIRST CENSUS|pages=116–124|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910221959/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2022|access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACLS1929">{{cite book|author=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|date=1932|title=Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101|author-link=American Council of Learned Societies|oclc=1086749050}}</ref>
 | alt3      =
}}
The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.<ref name="lieberson1"/>
There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hfgeg005/eturner/images/Books/WTP/WTPch5_W_Eur.pdf|title=People of Western European origin|website=CSun|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="lieberson1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&q=From+many+strands:+ethnic+and+racial+groups+in+contemporary+Am%C3%A9rica+ear;lier+ethnic+composition+1790&pg=PA38|title=From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America|first1=Stanley|last1=Lieberson|first2=Mary C.|last2=Waters|date=20 September 1988|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|access-date=21 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780871545435}}</ref>
A study published in 1909 titled ''A Century of Population Growth'' by the Census Bureau estimated the British origin combined were around 90% of the white population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofpopulat00unit |title=A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth Census|website=United States Bureau of the Census|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf|title= A Century of Population Growth From the First to the Twelfth Census|date=1909|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/surnamesinunited00amer <!-- quote=the european ancestry of the united states 1790. --> |title=Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population|website=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|accessdate=18 March 2023}}</ref>

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919209|title=The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium|first=Thomas |last=L. Purvis|journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=1984|volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=85–101 |doi=10.2307/1919209 |jstor=1919209 |accessdate=18 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> estimated that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the total population or 74% of the white or [[European American]] population.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
Some 81% of the total United States population was of [[European ethnic groups|European]] heritage.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf Historical U.S. population by race] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |date=2010-03-27 }}</ref>
Around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicityinconte00jess|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnicityinconte00jess/page/21 21]|quote=ethnic groups united states 1775.|title=Ethnicity in Contemporary America|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|access-date=March 17, 2015|isbn=9780742500341|last1=McKee|first1=Jesse O.|year=2000}}</ref>

====A Century of Population Growth (1909)====
Estimated British American population in the [[Contiguous United States|Continental United States]] as of the [[1790 United States census|1790 Census]].<ref name="CPG1909" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-  
! colspan=1 rowspan=5 style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;"|'''State or Territory'''
|-
! colspan=8 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}||colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Isles]]<br /> Total
|-
! colspan=4 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}||colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[British people|British]]<br /> Total||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Ireland|1542}}  
|-
! rowspan="1"  colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|England}} [[English Americans|English]] {{flagicon|Wales|1959}}{{efn|and [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]]}}|| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;" |{{flagicon|Scotland|1542}} [[Scottish Americans|Scotch]]||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|Ireland|green}} [[Irish Americans|Irish]]
|-
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|223,437}}
|align="right"|96.21%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,425}}
|align="right"|2.77%
|align="right"|{{nts|229,862}}
|align="right"|98.98%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,589}}
|align="right"|0.68%
|align="right"|{{nts|231,451}}
|align="right"|99.66%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|39,966}}
|align="right"|86.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,473}}
|align="right"|7.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|43,439}}
|align="right"|93.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,806}}
|align="right"|3.90%
|align="right"|{{nts|45,245}}
|align="right"|97.70%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|43,948}}
|align="right"|83.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|5,923}}
|align="right"|11.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|49,871}}
|align="right"|94.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,216}}
|align="right"|2.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|51,087}}
|align="right"|96.60%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|align="right"|{{nts|50,802}}
|align="right"|83.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,847}}
|align="right"|11.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|57,649}}
|align="right"|94.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,406}}
|align="right"|2.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|59,055}}
|align="right"|96.60%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maine}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|89,515}}
|align="right"|93.14%
|align="right"|{{nts|4,154}}
|align="right"|4.32%
|align="right"|{{nts|93,669}}
|align="right"|97.46%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,334}}
|align="right"|1.39%
|align="right"|{{nts|95,003}}
|align="right"|98.85%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maryland}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|175,265}}
|align="right"|84.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|13,562}}
|align="right"|6.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|188,827}}
|align="right"|90.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|5,008}}
|align="right"|2.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|193,835}}
|align="right"|92.90%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Massachusetts}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|354,528}}
|align="right"|95.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|13,435}}
|align="right"|3.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|367,963}}
|align="right"|98.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,732}}
|align="right"|1.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|371,695}}
|align="right"|99.60%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Hampshire}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|132,726}}
|align="right"|94.06%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,648}}
|align="right"|4.71%
|align="right"|{{nts|139,374}}
|align="right"|98.77%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,346}}
|align="right"|0.95%
|align="right"|{{nts|140,720}}
|align="right"|99.72%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Jersey}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|98,620}}
|align="right"|58.03%
|align="right"|{{nts|13,156}}
|align="right"|7.74%
|align="right"|{{nts|111,776}}
|align="right"|65.77%
|align="right"|{{nts|12,099}}
|align="right"|7.12%
|align="right"|{{nts|123,875}}
|align="right"|72.89%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)|1778}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|245,901}}
|align="right"|78.22%
|align="right"|{{nts|10,034}}
|align="right"|3.19%
|align="right"|{{nts|255,935}}
|align="right"|81.41%
|align="right"|{{nts|2,525}}
|align="right"|0.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|258,460}}
|align="right"|82.21%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|North Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|240,309}}
|align="right"|83.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|32,388}}
|align="right"|11.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|272,697}}
|align="right"|94.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,651}}
|align="right"|2.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|279,348}}
|align="right"|96.60%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|249,656}}
|align="right"|58.97%
|align="right"|{{nts|49,567}}
|align="right"|11.71%
|align="right"|{{nts|299,223}}
|align="right"|70.68%
|align="right"|{{nts|8,614}}
|align="right"|2.03%
|align="right"|{{nts|307,837}}
|align="right"|72.71%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Rhode Island}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|62,079}}
|align="right"|95.99%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,976}}
|align="right"|3.06%
|align="right"|{{nts|64,055}}
|align="right"|99.05%
|align="right"|{{nts|459}}
|align="right"|0.71%
|align="right"|{{nts|64,514}}
|align="right"|99.76%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|South Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|115,480}}
|align="right"|82.38%
|align="right"|{{nts|16,447}}
|align="right"|11.73%
|align="right"|{{nts|131,927}}
|align="right"|94.11%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,576}}
|align="right"|2.55%
|align="right"|{{nts|135,503}}
|align="right"|96.66%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Tennessee}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|26,519}}
|align="right"|83.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,574}}
|align="right"|11.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|30,093}}
|align="right"|94.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|734}}
|align="right"|2.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|30,827}}
|align="right"|96.60%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Vermont|1770}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|81,149}}
|align="right"|95.39%
|align="right"|{{nts|2,562}}
|align="right"|3.01%
|align="right"|{{nts|83,711}}
|align="right"|98.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|597}}
|align="right"|0.70%
|align="right"|{{nts|84,308}}
|align="right"|99.10%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|375,799}}
|align="right"|85.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|31,391}}
|align="right"|7.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|407,190}}
|align="right"|92.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|8,842}}
|align="right"|2.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|416,032}}
|align="right"|94.10%
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"
|border = "1"; align="center"|'''{{flag|United States|1795}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,605,699}}'''
|align="right"|'''82.14%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|221,562}}'''
|align="right"|'''6.98%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,827,261}}'''
|align="right"|'''89.12%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|61,534}}'''
|align="right"|'''1.94%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,888,795}}'''
|align="right"|'''91.06%'''
|}
{{notelist}}

====American Council of Learned Societies (1929)====
The 1909 ''Century of Population Growth'' report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which imposed numerical quotas on each country of [[Europe]] limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the [[National Origins Formula]], in part computed by estimating the origins of the [[Old Stock Americans|colonial stock]] population descended from [[White Americans]] enumerated in the [[1790 United States census|1790 Census]]. The undercount of other colonial stocks like [[German Americans]] and [[Irish Americans]] would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent [[Ireland]] did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish [[Celts (modern)|Celtic]] [[Irish Catholics]] of [[Gaelic Ireland]], who in 1922 formed the independent [[Irish Free State]], from the [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]] descendants of [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster Scots]] and [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] of the [[Plantation of Ulster]], which became [[Northern Ireland]] and remained part of the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]], [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Commerce]], and [[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor]], with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."<ref name="ACLS1929" />
Among the criticisms of ''A Century of Population Growth'':
* CPG failed to account for [[Anglicization of names]], assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider regional variation in ethnic settlement e.g. surname ''Root'' could be assumed English in [[Vermont]] (less than 1% German), but more commonly a variant of German ''Roth'' in states with large [[German Americans|German American]] populations like populous [[Pennsylvania]] (home to more [[Germans]] than the entire population of Vermont)
* CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
* CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
* CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the [[American Council of Learned Societies]], in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the [[American Historical Association]], reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed [[England and Wales]], grouping together all names classified as either "[[England|Anglican]]" (from [[England]]) or "[[Cambria]]n" (from [[Wales]]).<ref name="ACLS1929" />

{{small|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Estimated British American population in the [[Contiguous United States|Continental United States]] as of the [[1790 United States census|1790 Census]] {{flagicon|USA|1777-Ross}}}}<ref name="ACLS1929">{{cite book|author=American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|date=1932|title=Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States|publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101|author-link=American Council of Learned Societies|oclc=1086749050}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-  
! colspan=1 rowspan=5 style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;"|'''State or Territory'''
|-
! colspan=8 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}||colspan=2 rowspan=3 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Isles]]<br /> Total
|-
! colspan=4 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}||colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[British people|British]]<br /> Total||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flag|Ulster}}  
|-
! rowspan="1"  colspan=2 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|England}} [[English Americans|English]] {{flagicon|Wales|1959}}{{efn|and [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]]}}|| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;" |{{flagicon|Scotland|1542}} [[Scottish Americans|Scotch]]||colspan=2 rowspan=1 style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"|{{flagicon|Northern Ireland|saltire}}[[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]]
|-
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|#
! style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"|%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|155,598}}
|align="right"|67.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|5,109}}
|align="right"|2.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|160,707}}
|align="right"|69.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|4,180}}
|align="right"|1.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|164,887}}
|align="right"|71.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|27,786}}
|align="right"|60.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,705}}
|align="right"|8.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|31,491}}
|align="right"|68.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|2,918}}
|align="right"|6.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|34,409}}
|align="right"|74.30%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|30,357}}
|align="right"|57.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|8,197}}
|align="right"|15.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|38,554}}
|align="right"|72.90%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,082}}
|align="right"|11.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|44,636}}
|align="right"|84.40%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Kentucky}} & {{flagicon|Tennessee}}[[Tennessee|Tenn.]] 
|align="right"|{{nts|53,874}}
|align="right"|57.90%
|align="right"|{{nts|9,305}}
|align="right"|10.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|63,179}}
|align="right"|67.90%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,513}}
|align="right"|7.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|69,692}}
|align="right"|74.90%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maine}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|57,664}}
|align="right"|60.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|4,325}}
|align="right"|4.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|61,989}}
|align="right"|64.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|7,689}}
|align="right"|8.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|69,678}}
|align="right"|72.50%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Maryland}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|134,579}}
|align="right"|64.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|15,857}}
|align="right"|7.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|150,436}}
|align="right"|72.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|12,102}}
|align="right"|5.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|162,538}}
|align="right"|77.90%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Massachusetts}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|306,013}}
|align="right"|82.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|16,420}}
|align="right"|4.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|322,433}}
|align="right"|86.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|9,703}}
|align="right"|2.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|332,136}}
|align="right"|89.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Hampshire}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|86,078}}
|align="right"|61.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|8,749}}
|align="right"|6.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|94,827}}
|align="right"|67.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|6,491}}
|align="right"|4.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|101,318}}
|align="right"|71.80%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|New Jersey}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|79,878}}
|align="right"|47.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|13,087}}
|align="right"|7.70%
|align="right"|{{nts|92,965}}
|align="right"|54.70%
|align="right"|{{nts|10,707}}
|align="right"|6.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|103,672}}
|align="right"|61.00%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)|1778}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|163,470}}
|align="right"|52.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|22,006}}
|align="right"|7.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|185,476}}
|align="right"|59.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|16,033}}
|align="right"|5.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|201,509}}
|align="right"|64.10%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|North Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|190,860}}
|align="right"|66.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|42,799}}
|align="right"|14.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|233,659}}
|align="right"|80.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|16,483}}
|align="right"|5.70%
|align="right"|{{nts|250,142}}
|align="right"|86.50%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|149,451}}
|align="right"|35.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|36,410}}
|align="right"|8.60%
|align="right"|{{nts|185,861}}
|align="right"|43.90%
|align="right"|{{nts|46,571}}
|align="right"|11.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|232,432}}
|align="right"|54.90%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Rhode Island}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|45,916}}
|align="right"|71.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|3,751}}
|align="right"|5.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|49,667}}
|align="right"|76.80%
|align="right"|{{nts|1,293}}
|align="right"|2.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|50,960}}
|align="right"|78.80%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|South Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|84,387}}
|align="right"|60.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|21,167}}
|align="right"|15.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|105,554}}
|align="right"|75.30%
|align="right"|{{nts|13,177}}
|align="right"|9.40%
|align="right"|{{nts|118,731}}
|align="right"|84.70%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Vermont|1770}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|64,655}}
|align="right"|76.00%
|align="right"|{{nts|4,339}}
|align="right"|5.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|68,994}}
|align="right"|81.10%
|align="right"|{{nts|2,722}}
|align="right"|3.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|71,716}}
|align="right"|84.30%
|-
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{flag|Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|302,850}}
|align="right"|68.50%
|align="right"|{{nts|45,096}}
|align="right"|10.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|347,946}}
|align="right"|78.70%
|align="right"|{{nts|27,411}}
|align="right"|6.20%
|align="right"|{{nts|375,357}}
|align="right"|84.90%
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|1790 Area Enumerated|'''''{{flagicon|Thirteen Colonies}} [[1790 United States census|1790 Census Area]]'''''}} 
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|1,933,416}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''60.94%'''''
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|260,322}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''8.21%'''''
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|2,193,738}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''69.15%'''''
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|190,075}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''5.99%'''''
|align="right"|'''''{{nts|2,383,813}}'''''
|align="right"|'''''75.14%'''''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|Northwest|''{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Northwest Territory]]''}}
|align="right"|''{{nts|3,130}}''
|align="right"|''29.81%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|428}}''
|align="right"|''4.08%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|3,558}}''
|align="right"|''33.89%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|307}}''
|align="right"|''2.92%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|3,865}}''
|align="right"|''36.81%''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|{{Sort|French|''{{flagicon|New France}} [[French America]]''}}
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,240}}''
|align="right"|''11.20%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|305}}''
|align="right"|''1.53%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,545}}''
|align="right"|''12.73%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|220}}''
|align="right"|''1.10%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|2,765}}''
|align="right"|''13.83%''
|- bgcolor="#EEF0F0"
|border = "1"; align="left"|''{{flagicon|Spanish Empire}} [[Spanish America]]'' 
|align="right"|''{{nts|610}}''
|align="right"|''2.54%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|83}}''
|align="right"|''0.35%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|693}}''
|align="right"|''2.89%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|60}}''
|align="right"|''0.25%''
|align="right"|''{{nts|753}}''
|align="right"|''3.14%''
|-
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"
|border = "1"; align="center"|'''{{flag|United States|1795}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|1,939,396}}'''
|align="right"|'''60.10%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|261,138}}'''
|align="right"|'''8.09%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,200,534}}'''
|align="right"|'''68.19%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|190,662}}'''
|align="right"|'''5.91%'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|2,391,196}}'''
|align="right"|'''74.10%'''
|}
{{notelist}}

===1980===
The 1980 census was the first that asked people's [[ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=United States 1980 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> The 1980 United States Census reported 61,327,867 individuals or 31.67% of the total U.S. population self-identified as having British descent.
In 1980, 16,418 Americans reported "Northern Islander". No [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] (descendants of [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]]) ancestry was recorded, although over ten million people identified as Scottish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=United States 1980 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
This figure fell to over 5 million each in the following census when the Scotch-Irish were first counted.<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref>

===1990===
Over 90.4% of the United States population reported at least one ancestry, 9.6% (23,921,371) individuals  as "not stated" with a total of 11.0% being "not specified".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/CPH-L-97.pdf|title=United States 1990 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Additional responses were Cornish (3,991), Northern Irish 4,009 and Manx 6,317.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/CPH-L-97.pdf|title=United States 1990 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

===2000===
Most of the population who stated their ancestry as "American" (20,625,093 or 7.3%) are said to be of old colonial [[British people|British]] ancestry.<ref name=Ancestry2000>{{cite web |publisher=United States Government |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ancestry.pdf |title=Ancestry: 2000 |date=June 2004}}</ref>

{|class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!colspan=3| 2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sourceguidebooko00lore/page/361 361]|quote=English US census 1790.|title=The Source|publisher=Ancestry Publishing|access-date=17 March 2015|isbn=9781593312770|last1=Szucs|first1=Loretto Dennis|last2=Luebking|first2=Sandra Hargreaves|year=2006}}</ref>
|-
! Ancestry
! Number
! % of total
|-
| [[German American|German]]||42,885,162||15.2
|-
| [[African American|African]]||36,419,434||12.9
|-
| [[Irish American|Irish]]||30,594,130||10.9
|-
| '''English'''||'''24,515,138'''||'''8.7'''
|-
| [[Mexican American|Mexican]]||20,640,711||7.3
|-
| [[Italian American|Italian]]||15,723,555||5.6
|-
| [[French American|French]]||10,846,018||3.9
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]||10,017,244||3.6
|-
| [[Polish American|Polish]]||8,977,444||3.2
|-
| '''Scottish'''||'''4,890,581'''||'''1.7'''
|-
| [[Dutch American|Dutch]]||4,542,494||1.6
|-
| [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]]||4,477,725||1.6
|- 
| '''Scotch-Irish'''||'''4,319,232'''||'''1.5'''
|-
|-class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
|United States||281,421,906||100
|}

===Geographical distribution===
{{multiple image|perrow=2|width=150
| image1 =  Census Bureau English Ancestry in the United States.gif| caption1 = English 
| image2 = Census Bureau Scottish Americans in the United States.gif| caption2 = Scottish
| image3 = Census Bureau Scotch-Irish Ancestry in the United States.gif| caption3 = Scots-Irish
| image4 = Census Bureau Welsh Ancestry in the United States.gif| caption4 = Welsh
}}
Following are the top 10 highest percentage of people of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see references)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Scottish.html|title=Scottish Ancestry Search – Scottish Genealogy by City|website=Epodunk.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230211304/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Scottish.html|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html|title=Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+)|website=Epodunk.com|access-date=2007-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011163452/http://epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html|archive-date=2007-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Welsh.html|title=Welsh Ancestry Search – Welsh Genealogy by City|website=Epodunk.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713035325/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Welsh.html|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====English====
# [[Hildale, Utah]] 66.9%
# [[Colorado City, Arizona]] 52.7%
# [[Milbridge, Maine]] 41.1%
# [[Panguitch, Utah]] 40.0%
# [[Beaver, Utah]] 39.8%
# [[Enterprise, Utah]] 39.4%
# [[East Machias, Maine]] 39.1%
# [[Marriott-Slaterville, Utah]] 38.2%
# [[Wellsville, Utah]] 37.9%
# [[Morgan, Utah]] 37.2%

====Scottish====
#[[Lonaconing, Maryland]] town 16.1%
#[[Jordan Township, Whiteside County, Illinois|Jordan, Illinois]] township 12.6%
#[[Scioto Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Scioto, Ohio]] township 12.1%
#[[Randolph Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Randolph, Indiana]] township 10.2%
#[[Franconia, New Hampshire]] town 10.1%
#[[Topsham, Vermont]] town 10.0%
#[[Ryegate, Vermont]] town 9.9%
#[[Plainfield, Vermont]] town 9.8%
#[[Saratoga Springs, Utah]] town 9.7%
#[[Barnet, Vermont]] town 9.5%

====Welsh====
#[[Malad City, Idaho]] city 21.1%
#[[Remsen, New York]] town 14.6%
#[[Oak Hill, Ohio]] village 13.6%
#[[Madison Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Madison, Ohio]] township 12.7%
#[[Steuben, New York|Steuben, New York]] town 10.9%
#[[Franklin Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Franklin, Ohio]] township 10.5%
#[[Plymouth, Pennsylvania]] borough 10.3%
#[[Jackson, Ohio]] city 10.0%
#[[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake, Pennsylvania]] township 9.9%
#[[Radnor Township, Delaware County, Ohio|Radnor, Ohio]] township 9.8%

===2020 state totals===
As of 2020, the distribution of British Americans (combined English, Welsh, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and British ancestry self-identification) across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:  
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Estimated British American population by state<ref name="ACS2020states">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=21 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717015112/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0100000US%240400000&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ACS2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|title=Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=21 July 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006|archive-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
!  style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''State'''
!  style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''Number'''
!  style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;"|'''Percentage'''
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alabama}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|593,684}}
|align="right"|12.13%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Alaska}}
|align="right"|{{nts|95,555}}
|align="right"|12.97%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arizona}}
|align="right"|{{nts|880,800}}
|align="right"|12.28%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Arkansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|362,319}}
|align="right"|12.03%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|California}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|3,194,332}}
|align="right"|8.12%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Colorado}}
|align="right"|{{nts|891,059}}
|align="right"|15.67%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Connecticut}}
|align="right"|{{nts|410,316}}
|align="right"|11.49%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Delaware}}
|align="right"|{{nts|125,678}}
|align="right"|12.99%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|District of Columbia}}
|align="right"|{{nts|62,960}}
|align="right"|8.97%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Florida}}
|align="right"|{{nts|2,182,375}}
|align="right"|10.29%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,229,670}}
|align="right"|11.69%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Hawaii}}
|align="right"|{{nts|85,508}}
|align="right"|6.02%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Idaho}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|413,867}}
|align="right"|23.59%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Illinois}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,039,812}}
|align="right"|8.18%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Indiana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|827,256}}
|align="right"|12.35%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Iowa}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|363,077}}
|align="right"|11.53%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kansas}}
|align="right"|{{nts|424,001}}
|align="right"|14.56%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Kentucky}}
|align="right"|{{nts|689,667}}
|align="right"|15.46%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Louisiana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|362,382}}
|align="right"|7.77%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maine}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|359,023}}
|align="right"|26.78%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Maryland}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|643,269}}
|align="right"|10.65%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Massachusetts}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|886,192}}
|align="right"|12.89%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Michigan}}  
|align="right"|{{nts|1,259,125}}
|align="right"|12.62%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Minnesota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|455,104}}
|align="right"|8.13%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Mississippi}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|326,418}}
|align="right"|10.95%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Missouri}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|800,254}}
|align="right"|13.07%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Montana}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|187,084}}
|align="right"|17.62%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nebraska}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|214,299}}
|align="right"|11.14%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Nevada}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|317,810}}
|align="right"|10.49%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Hampshire}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|321,821}}
|align="right"|23.75%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Jersey}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|606,095}}
|align="right"|6.82%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|New Mexico}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|206,995}}
|align="right"|9.87%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|New York (state)}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,399,358}}
|align="right"|7.17%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,618,439}}
|align="right"|15.58%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|North Dakota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|50,522}}
|align="right"|6.64%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Ohio}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,508,197}}
|align="right"|12.92%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oklahoma}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|473,455}}
|align="right"|11.99%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Oregon}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|731,409}}
|align="right"|17.51%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Pennsylvania}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,465,777}}
|align="right"|11.46%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Rhode Island}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|142,889}}
|align="right"|13.51%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Carolina}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|748,602}}
|align="right"|14.70%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|South Dakota}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|77,081}}
|align="right"|8.77%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Tennessee}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,004,100}}
|align="right"|14.83%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Texas}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|2,667,892}}
|align="right"|9.32%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Utah}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,044,688}}
|align="right"|33.15%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Vermont}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|152,659}}
|align="right"|24.45%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|1,254,899}}
|align="right"|14.75%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flagcountry|Washington (state)}}
|align="right"|{{nts|1,201,638}}
|align="right"|16.00%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|West Virginia}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|293,448}}
|align="right"|16.24%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wisconsin}} 
|align="right"|{{nts|471,045}}
|align="right"|8.11%
|-
|border = "1"|{{flag|Wyoming}}
|align="right"|{{nts|111,384}}
|align="right"|19.16%
|- class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"
|border = "1"|'''{{flag|United States}}'''
|align="right"|'''{{nts|37,235,289}}'''
|align="right"|'''11.40%'''
|}

==History==
===Overview===
The [[British diaspora]] consists of the scattering of [[British people]] and their descendants who [[emigrated]] from the United Kingdom. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the United States (as well as [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe]]) and that are part of the [[English-speaking world]]. A 2006 publication from the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]] estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{cite news | title= Brits Abroad| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/| work= [[BBC News]]| date= 2006-12-06| access-date=2009-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sriskandarajah |first=Dhananjayan |author2=Drew, Catherine |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |date=December 11, 2006 |publisher=[[Institute for Public Policy Research|IPPR]] |access-date=2009-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215729/http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archive-date=2008-05-24 }}</ref>

After the [[Age of Discovery]], the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the [[British Empire]]'s expansion during the latter half of the 18th century, throughout the 19th century and first quarter of the 20th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", with particular concentrations "in [[Australasia]] and [[North America]]", and to some degree into [[Africa]] and [[South Asia]].<ref name="BritDis47">{{Harvnb|Ember et al.|2004|p=47}}.</ref>

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",<ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref> who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".<ref name="BritDis47"/> As a result of the [[British colonization of the Americas]], what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British".<ref name="BritDis47"/>

Historically in the [[1790 United States census]] estimate and presently in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and [[New Zealand]] "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population" contributing to these states becoming integral to the [[Anglosphere]].<ref name="Marsh254"/> There is also a significant population of people with British ancestry in [[South Africa]] and in [[British Overseas Territories]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Colonial period===
{{main|British colonization of the Americas}}
An English presence in North America began with the [[Roanoke Colony]] and [[Colony of Virginia]] in the late-16th century during the reign of [[House of Tudor|Tudor]] queen [[Elizabeth I]], but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]. By the 1610s, an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".<ref name="BritDis48">{{Harvnb|Ember et al.|2004|p=48}}.</ref> In 1620, the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] established the English imperial venture of [[Plymouth Colony]], beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the [[New England Colonies]].<ref name="BritDis48"/> During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English, Welsh and Cornish migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the [[Acts of Union 1707]] was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.<ref name="BritDis49">{{Harvnb|Ember et al.|2004|p=49}}.</ref>
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[John Trumbull]]'s famous painting, ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]''. Most of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] had British ancestors.]] 
The British policy of [[salutary neglect]] for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests.<ref name="history of colonial"/> This permitted the development of the [[American Dream]], a cultural spirit distinct from that of its British founders.<ref name="history of colonial">{{Citation |last=Henretta |first=James A. |title=History of Colonial America |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |encyclopedia=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021222327/http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archive-date=2009-10-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Thirteen Colonies]] of [[British America]] began an armed rebellion with French support against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the [[Rights of Englishmen|right]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to govern them [[No taxation without representation|without representation]]; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a [[sovereign state]] in 1781 with the ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgment of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="road">{{Citation|title=Chapter 3: The Road to Independence|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm|work=Outline of U.S. History|publisher=usinfo.state.gov|date=November 2005|access-date=2008-04-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035942/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm |archive-date = April 9, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], most laws contained strong elements found in the English [[common law]] system.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The vast majority of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were of mixed British extraction. Most of them were of English descent, with smaller numbers of those of Scottish, Irish Protestant or Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] (WASP).  Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation, some moving north to the Canadian colonies which remained under British rule.<ref>Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79.  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543 online]</ref>
[[File:The Great Rapprochement.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Uncle Sam]] embracing [[John Bull]], while [[Britannia]] and [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] hold hands and sit together in the background (1898).]]

====Immigration after 1776====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!colspan=6|British immigration to the U.S. 1820–2000
|-
! Period 
! Arrivals
! Period 
! Arrivals
! Period 
! Arrivals
|-
| 1820–1830||27,489 ||1901–1910||525,950||1981–1990||159,173
|- 
|1831–1840||75,810 ||1911–1920||341,408||1991–2000||151,866
|- 
|1841–1850||267,044 ||1921–1930||339,570|| ||
|-
|1851–1860||423,974 ||1931–1940||31,572 || ||
|- 
|1861–1870||606,896 ||1941–1950||139,306|| ||
|- 
|1871–1880||548,043 ||1951–1960||202,824|| ||
|-
|1881–1890||807,357 ||1961–1970||213,822|| ||
|-
|1891–1900||271,538 ||1971–1980 ||137,374|| || 
|-
!colspan=6 style="text-align:left;"|Total arrivals: 5,271,016<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2UAgAAQBAJ&dq=british+immigration+75%2C810%2C+267%2C044&pg=PA97 Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History ...] By Paul Spickard</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVE-AQAAMAAJ&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+247%2C125+644%2C680&pg=PA89 Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 89)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=51e8r7Yay0wC&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+644%2C680&pg=PA107 Statistical Abstract of the United States] Immigration by country of origin 1851–1940 (Page: 107)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UG1qAAAAMAAJ&dq=Immigration+from+England+to+the+United+States+156%2C171&pg=PA92 Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 92)</ref>
|}

Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the [[Special Relationship]], the exceptionally close political, diplomatic and military co-operation of [[United Kingdom – United States relations]].<ref name="wither">{{Citation|last=James|first=Wither|title=An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo-American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-first Century|date=March 2006|journal=European Security|volume=15|issue=1|pages=47–65|doi=10.1080/09662830600776694|s2cid=154879821|issn=0966-2839}}<!--| access-date =2007-01-09--></ref> [[Linda Colley]], a professor of history at [[Princeton University]] and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their strong colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".<ref>{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=134}}.</ref>

For over two centuries (1789–2009) of early U.S. history, all Presidents with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial [[British people|British]] stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled [[Appalachia]], with more recent presidents such as [[Joe Biden]] and [[Donald Trump]] having partial British ancestry.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&q=albions+seed+presidents+&pg=PA835 Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America] – By David Hackett Fischer (P. 839)</ref>

==Cultural contributions==
Much of [[Culture of the United States|American culture]] shows influences from nation states of [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]]. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the [[English language]], legal system and other cultural attributes.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJilCCGFCTYC&pg=PR9 |title=Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |author=James B. Minahan |page=9 |date=2013-03-14 |publisher=Abc-Clio |access-date=2016-10-22|isbn=9781610691642 }}</ref> Historian David Hackett Fischer has posited that four major streams of immigration from the British Isles in the colonial era contributed to the formation of a new American culture, summarized as follows:

* [[East Anglia]] to [[New England]] – ''The [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Exodus]] of the English Puritans'' ([[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] and [[Puritans#New England Puritans|Puritans]] influenced the [[Northeastern United States]]' corporate and educational culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 13–206</ref>
* The [[Southern England|South of England]] to the [[Southern United States|lowland South]] – ''The [[Cavalier]]s and [[Indentured servant|Indentured Servants]]'' ([[Gentry]] influenced the [[Southern United States]]' plantation culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'' pp. 207–418</ref>
*[[Northern England]] to the [[Delaware Valley]] – ''The Friends' Migration'' ([[Quakers]] influenced the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Middle Atlantic]] and [[Midwestern United States]]' industrial culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 419–604</ref>
* The [[Scottish Lowlands]] to the [[Appalachia|Backcountry]] – ''The Flight from [[North Britain]]'' ([[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]], of lowland Scottish and [[Anglo-Scottish border|border]] [[English people|English]] descent, influenced the [[Western United States]]' ranch culture and the [[Southern United States]]' common agrarian culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 605–782</ref>

Fischer's theory acknowledges the presence of other groups of immigrants during the colonial period, both from the British Isles (the Welsh and the Highland Scots) and not (Germans, Dutch, and French Huguenots), but believes that these did not culturally contribute as substantially to the United States as his main four.

===Historical influence===
[[Apple pie]] – [[New England]] was the first region to experience large-scale [[English colonial empire|English colonization]] in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by [[East Anglia]]n Calvinists, better known as the [[Puritan]]s. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as [[apple pie]] and the oven-roasted [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] turkey.<ref>Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.</ref> "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.

===Automakers===
[[Buick]] – [[David Dunbar Buick]] was a [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born American, a [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Motorcycle manufacturer===
[[File:Founders of Harley-Davidson The North Shore Bulletin Dec 1920.jpg|thumb|Founders of [[Harley-Davidson]], from left: William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson Sr., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]] and [[William S. Harley]].]]

[[Harley-Davidson]] – The Davidson brothers were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]]) and [[William S. Harley]] of English descent. Along with [[Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company]] was the largest and most recognizable American [[motorcycle]] manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |title=Harley: The Littleport Connection "Without Littleport, there'd be no Harley-Davidson" |publisher=clutchandchrome.com |access-date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421100954/http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2006}}</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Origins of baseball}}
[[Baseball]] – The earliest recorded game of base-ball for which the original source survives, involved the family of [[George II of Great Britain]], played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in [[Walton-on-Thames]], Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907|access-date=July 26, 2013|work=BBC News|date=2013-07-26|last1=Sulat|first1=Nate}}</ref> The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in [[Guildford]], also in [[Surrey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |title=Major League Baseball Told: Your Sport Is British, Not American |date=September 11, 2008 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |work=Telegraph |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016132738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |archive-date=October 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7609000/7609897.stm |title=History of baseball exposed |work=BBC News |date=September 11, 2008 |access-date=August 3, 2013}}</ref> English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on [[Easter Monday]] 1755 in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]]; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7622026.stm|title=BBC NEWS – UK – England – Baseball 'origin' uncovered|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015|date=2008-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southtoday/content/articles/2008/09/09/baseball_feature.shtml|title=BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, [[rounders]], which has been played in England since [[Tudor period|Tudor]] times, holds a similarity to baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html|title=Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American|author=Telegraph staff and agencies|date=11 September 2008|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

In addition to baseball, [[American football]] is a sport that developed from [[association football|soccer]] and [[Rugby football|Rugby]], which are both sports that originated in the British Isles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/football-soccer|title = Football &#124; History, Rules, & Significant Players| date=July 13, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Bowling]] or [[ten-pin bowling]] derived from Nine-Pins ([[nine-pin bowling]]) brought over by early British settlers.

===Continental Colors, 1775–1777===
[[File:Flag of the United States (1776–1777).svg|thumb|right|The "[[Continental Union Flag]]" which served as the U.S. national flag from 1776 to 1777; the thirteen stripes represent the original [[Thirteen Colonies]].]]
The [[Continental Union Flag]] is considered to be the first national [[Flag of the United States#First flag|flag of the United States]].<ref name="Popular Mechanics">[https://books.google.com/books?id=PNgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=grand+union+american+flag+thirteen+colonies&pg=PA590 Popular Mechanics] – Oct 1926</ref> The design consisted of 13 stripes, red and white, representing the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], the [[canton (flag)|canton]] on the upper left-hand corner bearing the British [[Union Flag#History|Union Flag]], the red cross of St. George of England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. The flag was first flown on December 2, 1775, by [[John Paul Jones]] (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship ''[[USS Alfred|Alfred]]'' in Philadelphia).<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/>

==Place names==
===Alabama===
*[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] after [[Birmingham]], England
*[[Oxford, Alabama|Oxford]] after [[Oxford]], England
*[[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]] after [[Montgomery, Powys]], Wales

===California===
*[[Westminster, California|Westminster]] after [[Westminster]] in [[London]], England
*[[Exeter, California|Exeter]] after [[Exeter]], England
*[[Windsor, California|Windsor]] after [[Windsor, Berkshire]], in England

===Colorado===
*[[Aberdeen Quarry|Aberdeen]] Ghost town named after [[Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]]
*[[Derby, Colorado|Derby]] after [[Derby]], England
*[[Rugby, Colorado|Rugby]] after [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]] in England

===Connecticut===
*[[Essex, Connecticut]] after [[Essex, England]]
*[[Greenwich, Connecticut]] after [[Greenwich, England]]
*[[Manchester, Connecticut]] after [[Manchester, England]]
*[[New London, Connecticut]] after [[London, England]]
*[[Norfolk, Connecticut]] after [[Norfolk, England]]

===Delaware===
*[[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] after [[Dover]], England
*[[Kent County, Delaware]] after [[Kent, England]]
*[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] named by [[proprietary colony|Proprietor]] [[Thomas Penn]] after his friend [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]], [[Earl of Wilmington]], who was prime minister in the reign of [[George II of Great Britain]].

===Florida===
*[[Windermere, Florida|Windermere]], named for [[Windermere]], Westmorland,<ref>{{cite web |title=Town of Windermere |url=https://www.orangecountyfl.net/BoardofCommissioners/District1Commissioner/District1Communities/TownofWindermere.aspx#:~:text=Windermere%20was%20bestowed%20its%20name,after%20England's%20famous%20Lake%20Windermere. |website=Orange County Government - Florida |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> the largest lake of the [[Lake District]] and England

===Maine===
*[[Leeds, Maine|Leeds]] after [[Leeds, England]]

===Maryland===
*[[Aberdeen, Maryland]] after [[Aberdeenshire, Scotland]]
*[[Chester, Maryland]] after [[Chester, England]]
*[[Chestertown, Maryland]] after [[Chester, England]]
*[[Essex, Maryland]] after [[Essex, England]]
*[[Glencoe, Maryland]] after [[Glencoe, Scotland]]
*[[Hereford, Maryland]] after [[Hereford, England]]
*[[Kensington, Maryland]] after [[Kensington|Kensington, England]]
*[[Manchester, Maryland]] after [[Manchester, England]]
*[[Olney, Maryland]] after [[Olney, Buckinghamshire|Olney, England]]
*[[Westminster, Maryland]] after [[Westminster, England]]
*[[Salisbury, Maryland]] after [[Salisbury, England]]

===Massachusetts===
*[[Abington, Massachusetts]] after [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon, England]]
*[[Attleboro, Massachusetts]] after [[Attleborough|Attleborough, England]]
*[[Bedford, Massachusetts]] after [[Bedford, England]]
*[[Boston]] after [[Boston, England]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=taleOfTwoBostons|title=A Tale of Two Bostons – iBoston|website=Iboston.org|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] after the [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] of [[Cambridge]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/cambridgehistory|title=Brief History of Cambridge, Mass. – Cambridge Historical Commission – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|first=City of|last=Cambridge|website=Cambridgema.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[Charlton, Massachusetts]] after [[Charlton, London|Charlton, London, England]]
*[[Chelsea, Massachusetts]] after [[Chelsea, England]]
*[[Falmouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Falmouth, England]]
*[[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]] after [[Gloucester]] and [[Gloucestershire]], England
*[[Hampshire County, Massachusetts]] after [[Hampshire, England]]
*[[Mansfield, Massachusetts]] after [[Mansfield, England]]
*[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]] after [[Middlesex, England]]
*[[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Plymouth, England]]
*[[Somerset, Massachusetts]] after [[Somerset, England]]
*[[Southampton, Massachusetts|Southampton]] after [[Southampton]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141|title=ePodunk|website=Epodunk.com|access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107232910/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] after [[Suffolk, England]]
*[[Swansea, Massachusetts]] after [[Swansea]], [[Wales]]
*[[Taunton, Massachusetts]] after [[Taunton, England]]
*[[Weymouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Weymouth, Dorset]], England
*[[Worcester, Massachusetts]] after [[Worcester, England]]

===Michigan===
*[[Birmingham, Michigan|Birmingham]] after [[Birmingham]], England
*[[Plymouth, Michigan|Plymouth]] after [[Plymouth]], England

===New Hampshire===
*[[New Hampshire]] state (after [[Hampshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/nh_intro.htm|title=The State of New Hampshire – An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM – NSTATE, LLC|website=Netstate.com|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>)
*[[Derry, New Hampshire]] after [[Derry|Derry, Northern Ireland]]
*[[Durham, New Hampshire]] after [[Durham, England]]
*[[Exeter, New Hampshire]] after [[Exeter, England]]
*[[Londonderry, New Hampshire]] after [[Londonderry, Northern Ireland]]
*[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] after [[Manchester, England]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boulter.com/nh/|title=New Hampshire|website=Boulter.com|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*[[New London, New Hampshire]] after [[London, England]]
*[[Nottingham, New Hampshire]] after [[Nottinghamshire]]
*[[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] after [[Plymouth, England]]
*[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] after [[Portsmouth, England]]

===New Jersey===
*[[New Jersey]] and [[Jersey City]] after [[Jersey]]

===New York===
*[[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New York City]] after [[York, England]]
*[[Albany, New York|Albany]] after the [[Duke of Albany]]

===North Carolina===
*[[Durham, North Carolina]] and [[Durham County, North Carolina]] after [[Durham, England]]
*[[Halifax, North Carolina]] and [[Halifax County, North Carolina]] after [[Halifax, England]]
*[[Brunswick County, North Carolina]] after [[House of Brunswick]]
*[[New Hanover County, North Carolina]] after [[House of Hanover]]
*[[Northampton County, North Carolina]] after [[Northampton, England]]
*[[Richmond County, North Carolina]] after [[Richmond, London]]

===Ohio===
*[[Kendal, Ohio]] after [[Kendal]], Westmorland.<ref name="springhill">{{cite web |title=Town of Kendal |url=https://springhillhistorichome.org/history-kendal-ohio/#:~:text=The%20town%20was%20named%20after,flock%20at%20Spring%20Hill%20Farm. |website=Spring Hill Historic Home |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>
*[[Liverpool Township, Medina County, Ohio|Liverpool, Medina County Ohio]] and [[East Liverpool, Ohio]], after Liverpool, England.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Pennsylvania===
*[[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]] after [[Buckinghamshire]], England
*[[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]] and [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] after [[Chester]], England
*[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] after [[Carlisle, England]]
*[[Darby, Pennsylvania|Darby]] derived from [[Derby]] (pronounced ''"Darby"''), the [[county town]] of [[Derbyshire]] (pronounced ''"Darbyshire"'')<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n99 100]}}</ref>
*[[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] and [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] after the city of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] in the county of [[Lancashire]] in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early [[settler]]s.<ref>[http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp Petition for the Establishment of Lancaster County] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807113052/http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp |date=2006-08-07 }}, February 6, 1728/9</ref>
*[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading, Berks County]] after [[Reading, Berkshire]], England
*[[Warminster Township, Pennsylvania|Warminster]] after a small town in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.<ref>{{cite web|title=WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY|url=http://www.warminstertownship.org/public-information/aboutwarminster/history|website=Warminstertownship.org|access-date=2015-07-31}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[York, Pennsylvania]] after [[York, England]]

=== Texas ===
*[[Bronte, Texas|Bronte]], named for English novelist [[Charlotte Brontë]] (1816–1855).<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Cheapside, Texas|Cheapside]], after [[Cheapside]], a London street.<ref name="tarpley">{{cite book |last1=Tarpley |first1=Fred |title=1001 Texas Place Names |date=5 July 2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292786936 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4B7n7pJyZIC}}</ref>
*[[Derby, Texas|Derby]], after Derby, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Liverpool, Texas|Liverpool]], after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
*[[Newcastle, Texas|Newcastle]], after [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], northeast England.<ref name="tarpley" />

===Utah===
*[[Leeds, Utah|Leeds]] after [[Leeds, England]]

===Virginia===
*[[Crewe, Virginia]] after [[Crewe, England]]
*[[Dumfries, Virginia]] after [[Dumfries, Scotland]]
*[[Edinburg, Virginia]] after [[Edinburgh, Scotland]]
*[[Falmouth, Virginia]] after [[Falmouth, England]]
*[[Isle of Wight County, Virginia]] after [[Isle of Wight, England]]
*[[Kilmarnock, Virginia]] after [[Kilmarnock, Scotland]]
*[[Glasgow, Virginia]] after [[Glasgow, Scotland]]
*[[Gloucester, Virginia]] after [[Gloucester, England]]
*[[Richmond, Virginia]] and [[Richmond County, Virginia]] after [[Richmond, London]]
*[[Lancaster County, Virginia]] after [[Lancashire, England]]
*[[Hampton, Virginia]] after [[Hampton, London|Hampton, London, England]]
*[[Midlothian, Virginia]] after [[Midlothian, Scotland]]
*[[New Kent County, Virginia]] after [[Kent County, England]]
*[[Norfolk, Virginia]] after [[Norfolk, England]]
*[[Northampton County, Virginia]] after [[Northampton, England]]
*[[Northumberland County, Virginia]] after [[Northumberland, England]]
*[[Portsmouth, Virginia]] after [[Portsmouth, England]]
*[[Stafford, Virginia]] after [[Stafford, England]]
*[[Suffolk, Virginia]] after [[Suffolk, England]]
*[[Westmoreland County, Virginia]] after Westmoreland (now part of [[Cumbria, England]])
*[[Winchester, Virginia]] after [[Winchester, England]]

===Wisconsin===
* [[Chilton, Wisconsin]], from [[Chillington Hall]], Staffordshire, the British ancestral home of an early settler.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* [[Ripon, Wisconsin]], after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the British ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, [[John S. Horner]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Chicago and North Western Railway Company|title=A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA118|year=1908|page=118}}</ref>

In addition, some places were named after the kings and queens of the former kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. The name Virginia was first applied by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.,<ref>In 1584 [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] sent [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] to lead an exploration of what is now the [[North Carolina]] coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." {{cite book |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |last= Stewart|first=George |author-link=George R. Stewart|year=1945 |publisher= Random House|location=New York |page= 22}}</ref> the [[Carolinas]] were named after [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] and [[Maryland]] named so for his wife, [[Queen Henrietta Maria]] (Queen Mary). The [[Boroughs of New York City|Borough]] of [[Queens]] in New York was named after [[Catherine of Braganza]] (Queen Catherine), the wife of the [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm|title=The State of Maryland|work=netstate.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|United States|United Kingdom}}

*[[Americans in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Anglo-Americans]]
*[[Anglo-Celtic Australians]]
*[[Britons in Mexico]]
*[[Cornish Americans]]
**[[List of Cornish Americans]]
*[[English Americans]]
**[[List of English Americans]]
*[[English diaspora]]
*[[Hyphenated American]]
*[[Irish Americans]]
**[[List of Irish Americans]]
*[[Manx Americans]]
**[[List of Manx Americans]]
*[[Scotch-Irish Americans]]
**[[List of Scots-Irish Americans]]
*[[Scottish Americans]]
**[[List of Scottish Americans]]
*[[Welsh Americans]]
**[[List of Welsh Americans]]
*[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants]], called WASPs
*[[United Kingdom–United States relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Scholarly sources==
* {{cite book |last=Berthoff |first=Rowland Tappan |author-link=Rowland Tappan Berthoff |title=British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 |year=1953}}
* Bridenbaugh, Carl. ''Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642'' (1976).
* {{citation | last = Colley | first = Linda |author-link = Linda Colley | title = Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837 | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-300-05737-9 }}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Ember et al.|2004}}
|title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World|first1=Carol R. |last1=Ember |first2=Melvin |last2=Ember |first3=Ian A. |last3=Skoggard |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 |display-authors=1 }}
* Erickson, Charlotte. ''Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America'' (1972_.
* {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |author-link=David Hackett Fischer |title=[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways In America]] |year=1989}}
* Furer, Howard B., ed. ''The British in America: 1578–1970'' (1972).
* {{cite book |last=Handlin |first=Oscar |author-link=Oscar Handlin |editor-first1=Ann |editor-last1=Orlov |editor-first2=Stephan |editor-last2=Thernstrom |title=Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups |year=1980}} the standard reference source for all ethnic groups.
*  McGill, David W., and John K. Pearce. "American families with English ancestors from the colonial era: Anglo Americans." in ''Ethnicity and family therapy'' (1996): 451–466; reviews modern social psychology of family types.
* {{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|first=Peter James|last=Marshall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-00254-7}}
* Shepperson, Wilbur S. ''British emigration to North America: projects and opinions in the early Victorian period'' (1957), examines opinion in Britain. [https://archive.org/details/britishemigratio00shep online]
* Tennenhouse, Leonard. ''The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850'' (2007).
* Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940’." in Elliott Barkan, ed., ''Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration'' (2013): 4:237+.
* Van Vugt, William E. ''British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900'' (2006).

==External links==
{{Commons category|British diaspora in the United States}}
*[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/pc80-s1-10.html 1980 U.S. Census ancestry lists]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091354/http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/downloadFile.cgi?file=1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf&filename=AF_Census_Data.pdf References]
*[https://archive.today/20200212041824/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on 2000 Census Bureau ancestry figures]

{{European Americans}}
{{British diaspora}}
{{United States topics}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:British diaspora in the United States| ]]
[[Category:American people of British descent| ]]
[[Category:British diaspora by country|American]]
[[Category:European diaspora in the United States]]